Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Firouzophrynus dhufarensis (Parker, 1931)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Firouzophrynus > Species: Firouzophrynus dhufarensis

Bufo dhufarensis Parker, 1931, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 10, 8: 518. Holotype: BMNH 1947.2.21.66 (formerly 1931.7.16.1) according to Arnold, 1980, J. Oman Stud., Spec. Rep., 2: 275. Type locality: "Milwah Alaud (220 ft.)", 17° 08′ N, 54° 19′ E, 65 m elevation, Oman.

"Bufo" dhufarensis — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 363. Excluded from Bufo and unassigned to genus.

Duttaphrynus dhufarensis — Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. Biol., 9 (e131): 4.

Firouzophrynus dhufarensis — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 447.

English Names

Oman Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 41).

Dhofar Toad (Hamdi and Fathy, 2021, Egypt. Acad. J. Biol. Sci. B. Zool., 13: 26).

Distribution

Western mountains from vicinity of Mecca and into the Ha'il and Riyadh provinces of north-central to east-central Saudi Arabia south and to southern peripheral Arabia, including Yemen, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Masirah I.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Oman, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

Comment

In the Bufo arabicus (formerly Bufo orientalis) group of Tandy and Keith, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 160. In the Bufo stomaticus group of Inger, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 107. Arnold, 1980, J. Oman Stud., Spec. Rep., 2: 273–332, discussed this and other Arabian species, noting that Bufo dhufarensis is very similar to Bufo scorteccii Balletto and Cherchi, 1970. See account by Balletto, Cherchi, and Gasperetti, 1985, Fauna Saudi Arabia, 7: 335–343. Dubois, 1974, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 3, Zool., 213: 345–350, discussed previous confusion of this species with Bufo andersonii and Bufo stomaticus. See accounts by Leviton, Anderson, Adler, and Minton, 1992, Handb. Middle East Amph. Rept.: 142, and Schätti and Desvoignes, 1999, Herpetofauna S. Yemen and Sokotra: 32–33. Al-Shehria and Al-Saleh, 2010, J. King Saud Univ., Sci., 22: 73–76, reported on the karyotype. Cunningham and Wronski, 2010, Afr. Herp News, 52: 20–21, reported the species from the mountains north of Riyadh in the central Najd area and discussed the range. Portik and Papenfuss, 2015, BMC Evol. Biol., 15 (152): 1–19, confirmed the membership of this species in the Duttaphrynus stomaticus group. Alshammari and Ibnrahim, 2018, Adv. Bioresearch, Agra, 9: 165–177, reported on habitat and localities in the Ha'il Region of north-central Saudi Arabia. Al-Qahtani and Al-Johany, 2018, Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 25: 1380–1386, discussed and mapped this species in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Hamdi and Fathy, 2021, Egypt. Acad. J. Biol. Sci. B. Zool., 13: 23–32, discussed presence and abundance in the Jizan region of extreme southwestern Saudi Arabia. Alrefaei, Fahad Albeshr, and Pizzio, 2022, J. King Saud Univ., Sci., 34 (101972): 1–5, reported on 16s mtDNA-confirmed records from Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia.

External links:

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For access to general information see Wikipedia
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To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.