Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Firouzophrynus Safaei-Mahroo and Ghaffari, 2020

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Firouzophrynus

5 species

Firouzophrynus Safaei-Mahroo and Ghaffari, 2020, Compl. Guide Amph. Iran: 19. Type species: Bufo olivaceus Blanford, 1874. Type species noted in Farsi section of book.

English Names

Firouz's Toads (Safaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, and Niamir, 2023, Zootaxa, 5279: 20).

Distribution

Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, and United Arab Emirates; eastern Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and India, Nepal, and Bhutan.

Comment

Originally proposed for Duttaphrynus olivaceus (the type species) and Duttaphrynus stomaticus, which rendered Duttaphrynus paraphyletic according to the molecular tree published by Portik and Papenfuss, 2015, BMC Evol. Biol., 15 (152): 9, as noted by Bisht, Garg, Sarmah, Sengupta, and Biju, 2021, Zoosyst. Evol., Berlin, 97: 451–470, who discussed the recognition of Firouzophrynus for the Duttaphrynus stomaticus group, but took no taxonomic action. Subsequently, Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 447, recognized the Duttaphrynus stomatics group as Firouzophrynus. See comments under Duttaphrynus for access to literature prior to the species of Firouzophrynus being recognized for the former Duttaphrynus stomaticus group, about 2021. Safaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, and Niamir, 2023, Zootaxa, 5279: 20, discussed the diagnosis of the genus. Portik, Streicher, and Wiens, 2023, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 188 (107907): 68, noted, without taking any action, the paraphyly of former Duttaphrynus (sensu lato), which would have required the synonymy of Beduka, Blythophryne, and Bufoides, if Firouzophrynus was not recognized as separate from Duttaphrynus (sensu stricto), as done here. See comment under Bufo pageoti.

Contained taxa (5 sp.):

Firouzophrynus dhufarensis (Parker, 1931)

Firouzophrynus hololius (Günther, 1876)

Firouzophrynus olivaceus (Blanford, 1874)

Firouzophrynus peninsularis (Rao, 1920)

Firouzophrynus stomaticus (Lütken, 1864)

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