Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Firouzophrynus hololius (Günther, 1876)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Firouzophrynus > Species: Firouzophrynus hololius

Bufo hololius Günther, 1876 "1875", Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875: 569. Holotype: BMNH 1947.2.20.50 (formerly 1874.4.29.1297), according to A.G.C. Grandison in Inger, 1985, in Frost (ed.), Amph. Species World: 48. Type locality: "Malabar", India. Biju, 2001, Occas. Publ. Indian Soc. Conserv. Biol., 1: 8, noted the imprecision of this type locality, which could be anywhere within the entire region of the Western Ghats.

"Bufo" hololius — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364. Excluded from Bufo and unassigned to genus.

Duttaphrynus hololius — Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. Biol., 9 (e131): 4.

Firouzophrynus hololius — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 447.

English Names

Malabar Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 42).

Günther's Toad (Das and Dutta, 1998, Hamadryad, 23: 63).

Distribution

Central and northern Andhra Pradesh and central Telangana south to northeastern Tamil Nadu, eastern Kerala, Hyderabad, and southeastern Karnataka, South India.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: India

Endemic: India

Comment

See Daniel, 1963, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 60: 432, Pillai and Ravichandran, 1991, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 88: 11–14, and Radhakrishnan and Ravichandran, 1999, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 97: 203–204, for accounts. Dubois and Ohler, 1999, J. South Asian Nat. Hist., 4: 169, provisionally allocated this species to the Bufo stomaticus group. Biju, 2001, Occas. Publ. Indian Soc. Conserv. Biol., 1: 8, discussed the highly provisional nature of published ranges for this species, which he regarded to be known only from the holotype from a highly imprecise type locality. Dutta, 1997, Amph. India Sri Lanka: 46, and Chanda, 2002, Handb. Indian Amph.: 23–24, provided brief accounts. Das and Dutta, 2007, Hamadryad, 31: 154–181, noted no larval descriptions in the literature (as Bufo hololius). Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Gururaja, and Bhatta, 2009, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occas. Pap., 302: 4, regarded the range to include Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. Chandramouli, Ganesh, and Baskaran, 2011, Herpetol. Notes, 4: 271–274, reported on color-in-life, morphology, and prelimary ecological observations. Ganesh, Kalaimani, Nath, and Kumar, 2013, Herpetotropicos, Mérida, 9: 5–8, reported on larval morphology. Srinivasulu, Ganesh, and Srinivasulu, 2013, J. Threatened Taxa, 5: 4784–4790, provided new records, provided a spot map, and commented on earlier misidentifications. Chandramouli and Kalaimani, 2014, Alytes, 31: 3–12, reported on larval morphology. Ganesh, Brihadeesh, Narayana, Hussain, and Kumar, 2020, Asian J. Conserv. Biol., 9: 71–78, discussed morphology, range, call, and breeding behavior. Srinivasulu and Kumar, 2022, J. Threatened Taxa, 14: 21268, reported the species from the state of Telangana, south-central India. Narayanan, Bhat, Paran, and Aravind, 2022, Curr. Herpetol., Kyoto, 41: 215–229, discussed the location of the type locality, provided new records, and provided distribution modelling predictions.

External links:

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For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
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For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.