Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Incilius melanochlorus (Cope, 1877)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Incilius > Species: Incilius melanochlorus

Bufo melanochlorus Cope, 1877, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 17: 85. Holotype: Depostion not stated; USNM 30592 according to Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 35. Type locality: "East Costa Rica"; corrected to "Costa Rica, east or eastern, Cantón de Limón, Provincia de Limón", by Savage, 1974, Rev. Biol. Tropical, 22: 89..

Bufo melanochloris — Taylor, 1952, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 35: 616. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Cranopsis melanochlora — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364.

Ollotis melanochlora — Frost, Grant, and Mendelson, 2006, Copeia, 2006: 558, by implication.

Incilius melanochlorus — Frost, Mendelson, and Pramuk, 2009, Copeia, 2009: 418–419, by implication.

Common Names

Dark Green Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 42).

West Forest Toad (Jaramillo and Ibáñez D., 2009, Herpetol. Rev., 40: 108).

Distribution

Lowlands and premontane slopes on the Atlantic versant southeastern Nicaragua, Costa Rica and adjacent Panama, 2–1080 m elevation.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama

Comment

See Taylor, 1952, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 35: 616, for synonymy. Records from Nicaragua are based on misidentified specimens of Incilius luetkenii or Incilius valliceps according to Villa, 1972, Anf. Nicaragua: 102. See Taylor, 1952, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 35: 616–618, for account. See account by Savage, 2002, Amph. Rept. Costa Rica: 209–210. O'Neill and Mendelson, 2004, J. Herpetol., 38:487–494, provided an updated account, taking into account the recognition of Incilius aucoinae. Jaramillo and Ibáñez D., 2009, Herpetol. Rev., 40: 108, provided the first record for Panama. See comments by Sunyer, Páiz, Dehling, and Köhler, 2009, Herpetol. Notes, 2: 189–202, regarding Nicaraguan populations.Mendelson, Mulcahy, Williams, and Sites, 2011, Zootaxa, 3138: 1–34, suggested that this species is a member of a monophyletic Incilius valliceps group and in a subgroup they referred to as the Forest Group (the name Incilius cristatus subgroup is available—DRF) that includes Incilius aucoinae, Incilius cavifrons, Incilius campbelli, Incilius cristatus, Incilius leucomoyos, Incilius macrocristatus, Incilius melanochlorus, Incilius spiculatus, and Incilius tutelarius. Köhler, 2011, Amph. Cent. Am.: 104–115, compared this species to others in Central America and provided a range map and photograph. Sunyer, Martínez-Fonseca, Salazar-Saavedra, Galindo-Uribe, and Obando, 2014, Mesoam. Herpetol., 1: 165, provided a record for the department of Rivas, Nicaragua.

External links:

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For access to general information see Wikipedia
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To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.