Ingerophrynus galeatus (Günther, 1864)

Common Names

Cambodia Toad (Nguyen, Ho, and Nguyen, 2009, Herpetofauna Vietnam: 71).

Cambodian Toad (Poyarkov, Nguyen, Popov, Geissler, Pawangkhanant, Neang, Suwannapoom, and Orlov, 2021, Russ. J. Herpetol., 28 (3A): 20). 

Gamboja Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 41).

Bony-headed Toad (Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 130 [Hainan population now assigned to Ingerophrynus ledongensis).

Helmeted Toad (Hendrix, Böhme, and Ziegler, 2009, Herpetol. Notes, 2: 155).

Nanling Dwarf Toad (Ingerophryns wangyingyongi [now regarded as a subspecies]: original publication). 

Ledong Toad (Ingerophrynus ledongensis [now regarded as a subspecies]: Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2012, Colored Atlas Chinese Amph. Distr.: 261). 

乐东蟾蜍 (Chinese: Ingerophrynus ledongensis [now regarded as a subspecies]: Wang, Ren, Chen, Lyu, Guo, Jiang, Chen, Li, Guo, Wang, and Che, 2020, Biodiversity Sci., 28: App. 1: 7).

Distribution

Indochina (montane northern, central and southern Vietnam (Lao Cai, Thai Nguyen, Vinh Phuc, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Thua Thien Hue, Quang Nam, Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Lam Dong, and Dong Nai provinces [see comment]); northern and central Annamites in Boualapha and Nakai Districts, Khammouan Province and Vilabouri District, Savannakhet Province, Laos, 418–779 m elevation; northeastern Cambodia, 400 to 1060 m elevation; in China expected to be found in adjacent Yunnan and/or Guangxi, although currently known from voucher specimens only from Tianjingshan National Forest Park in Guangdong Nanling National Nature Reserve, Ruyuan County, Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, and from montane Hainan Island.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Cambodia, China, People's Republic of, Laos, Vietnam

Comment

See brief account by Bourret, 1942, Batr. Indochine: 179–180. Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 130–131, provided a brief account, figure, and map. In the Bufo galeatus group according to Hu, Jiang, and Tian, 1984, Acta Herpetol. Sinica, Chengdu, N.S.,, 3 (1): 77–85. Dubois and Ohler, 1999, J. South Asian Nat. Hist., 4: 169, suggested provisional allocation to the Bufo asper group. Liu, Lathrop, Fu, Yang, and Murphy, 2000, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 14: 433, suggested that Ingerophrynus galeatus is the sister taxon of the Duttaphrynus melanostictus–Duttaphrynus himalayanus clade, but Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297, on the basis of more data placed it within Ingerophrynus. Nguyen, Ho, and Nguyen, 2005, Checklist Amph. Rept. Vietnam: 17, provided specific localities for Vietnam. Nguyen, Ho, and Nguyen, 2005, Checklist Amph. Rept. Vietnam: 148, provided a photograph. Stuart, 2005, Herpetol. Rev., 36: 475, provided records for Laos. Stuart, Sok, and Neang, 2006, Raffles Bull. Zool., 54: 136–137, provided an account and record for eastern Cambodia. Neang and Holden, 2008, Field Guide Amph. Cambodia: 51, provided a photograph, brief account of identification, ecology, and range in Cambodia. Hendrix, Böhme, and Ziegler, 2009, Herpetol. Notes, 2: 155–160, reported on tadpole morphology from a locality in the central highlands of Vietnam. Tran, Le, Le, Vu, Nguyen, Böhme, and Ziegler, 2010, Herpetol. Notes, 3: 111–119, provided a record from Quang Ngai Province, central Vietnam, and provided a brief morphological diagnosis. Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2010, Colored Atlas of Chinese Amph.: 208–209, provided a brief account (as Bufo ledongensis) including photographs. Shi, 2011, Amph. Rept. Fauna Hainan: 42–43, provided an account (as Bufo galeatus). Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2012, Colored Atlas Chinese Amph. Distr.: 261, provided an account (as Qianbufo ledongensis), photographs, and range map. Hecht, Pham, Nguyen, Nguyen, Bonkowski, and Ziegler, 2013, Biodiversity J., 4: 507–552, reported a record from Tay Yen Tu Nature Reserve, Bac Giang Province, northeastern Vietnam and discussed the range. Manthey and Manthey, 2017, Sauria, Berlin, 39: 5, provided a photographs of an adult (as Ingerophrynus cf. galeatus) from Phou Asa, Xe Pian National Protect Area, Thailand. See account, photograph, and map in Vassilieva, Galoyan, Poyarkov, and Geissler, 2016, Photograph. Field Guide Amph. Rept. Lowland S. Vietnam: 59–60. Fei and Ye, 2016, Amph. China, 1: 780–782, provided an account (as Qiangobufo ledongensis), photograph, and dot map. Pham, Do, Ngo, Tran, Ziegler, and Nguyen, 2020, Check List, 16: 1025–1041, provided a record from Hai Ha District, Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam, near the Guangxi, China, border. Poyarkov, Nguyen, Popov, Geissler, Pawangkhanant, Neang, Suwannapoom, and Orlov, 2021, Russ. J. Herpetol., 28 (3A): 20, suggested that specimens had been reported from China, but did not provide a specific locality. Duong and Ngo, 2022, Herpetol. Notes, 15: 751–762, discussed range in Vietnam in provided records for Dinh Binh Province. Stuart, Seateun, Sivongxay, and Phimmachak, 2025 "2024", in Wildlife Lao PDR: 21, briefly summarized literature, taxonomy, habitat, and range for Laos. Liu, Zhang, Ananjeva, Liu, Hou, and Orlov, 2025, Russ. J. Herpetol., 32: 85–95, reported on molecular (mtDNA) phylogenetics of the genus and suggested that the name Ingerophrynus galeatus represents a complex of species.These authors also noted that the earlier record from northern Guangdong, China (Gong, Wang, Liao, and Yang, 2011, Chinese J. Zool., 46: 120–123), is referrable to Ingerophrynus wangyingyongi (now Ingerophrynus galeatus wangyingyongi). Arkhipov, Pawangkhanant, Sarker, Gorin, Bragin, Nguyen, Hamidy, Muin, Kurniawan, Brown, Suwannapoom, Smith, and Poyarkov, 2025, Herpetozoa, Wien, 38: 292–293, discussed their differences with the revisions of of Liu et al. (2025) which they regarded as premature on the basis of evidence, and regarded Ingerophrynus wangyingyongi from Ingerophrynus ledongensis, as subspecies of Ingerophrynus galeatus. 

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