Thoropa miliaris (Spix, 1824)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Cycloramphidae > Genus: Thoropa > Species: Thoropa miliaris

Rana miliaris Spix, 1824, Animal. Nova Spec. Nov. Test. Ran. Brasil.: 30. Type(s): Not specifically designated, but including animal figured on pl. 6, fig. 1 of the original publication; holotype was ZSM 2493/0, now lost according to Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 359, and Glaw and Franzen, 2006, Spixiana, München, 29: 176. MNRJ 24979 designated neotype by Feio, Napoli, and Caramaschi, 2006, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 64> 54. Type locality: "fluminis Amazonum" = Amazon River [in error]; Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 89, noted that Spix's specimens probably came from Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a view concurred with by Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 360. Neotype from "BRASIL: RIO DE JANEIRO: Rio de Janeiro (22°54′ S, 43°12′ W, nível do mar), Praia Vermelha, Bairro da Urca, afloramentos rochosos ao final da Pista Cláudio Coutinho".

Cystignathus missiessii Eydoux and Souleyet, 1842, Voy. Autour Monde 1836–1837 La Bonite, 1: 148. Holotype: Not stated; MNHNP 761 according to Guibé, 1950 "1948", Cat. Types Amph. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat.: 28. Type locality: "la cascade de Tijouka [= Tijuca], aux environs de Rio-Janeiro", Brazil; Guibé, 1950 "1948", Cat. Types Amph. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat.: 28, reported that the data associated with the type were unknown. Tentative synonymy by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 331; Boulenger, 1891, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 8: 453-457.

Eupsophus fuliginosus Fitzinger, 1861 "1860", Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 42: 414. Holotype: NHMW 15847, according to Häupl and Tiedemann, 1978, Kat. Wiss. Samml. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 2: 16, and Häupl, Tiedemann, and Grillitsch, 1994, Kat. Wiss. Samml. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 9: 21. Type locality: "Brasilien"; rendered as "Umgebung von Rio Janeiro", Brazil, by Steindachner, 1867, Reise Österreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool., Amph.: 25. Data associated with specimen are "Rio de Janeiro, Brasilien", according to Häupl and Tiedemann, 1978, Kat. Wiss. Samml. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 2: 16, and Häupl, Tiedemann, and Grillitsch, 1994, Kat. Wiss. Samml. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 9: 22. Nomen nudum. Synonymy by Cochran, 1955 "1954", Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 206: 297.

Cystignathus discolor Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 "1861", Vidensk. Medd. Dansk Naturhist. Foren., Ser. 2, 3: 169. Syntypes: ZMUC (4 specimens), by original designation. Type locality: "Provindsen Minas Geraes i Naerheden af Byen Juiz de Fora", Minas Gerais, Brazil. Synonymy by Boulenger, 1891, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 8: 453-457; Heyer, 1974, Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 253: 42.

Thoropa missiessii — Cope, 1865, Nat. Hist. Rev., N.S., 5: 110.

Cystignathus (Eupsophus) fuliginosus — Steindachner, 1867, Reise Österreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool., Amph.: 25.

Ololygon miliaris — Peters, 1872, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1872: 206.

Leptodactylus discolor — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 237.

Thoropa miliaris — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 31; Lutz, 1947, Copeia, 1947: 246; Bokermann, 1965, An. Acad. Brasil. Cienc., 37: 530. Lynch, 1972, Bull. S. California Acad. Sci., 71: 5.

Borborocoetes miliaris — Boulenger, 1891, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 8: 454.

Hylodes miliaris — Wandolleck, 1907, Abh. Ber. Zool. Anthropol. Ethnograph. Mus. Dresden, 11: 5.

Leptodactylus discolor — Baumann, 1912, Zool. Jahrb., Jena, Abt. Syst., 33: 162.

Eleutherodactylus miliaris — Noble, 1917, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 37: 793.

Hylodes ? Brieni De Witte, 1930, in Massart (ed.), Miss. Biol. Belge Brésil, 2: 223. Holotype: IRSNB 1.024 according to Lang, 1990, Doc. Trav., Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belg., 59: 10. Type locality: "Itaeté (Bahia)", Brazil. Synonymy by Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 66.

Eupsophus miliaris — Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937, O Campo, 8: 67; Cochran, 1955 "1954", Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 206: 293.

Common Names

Military River Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 85).

Rock River Frog (Feio, Juncá, and Caramaschi, 2000, Herpetol. Rev., 31: 252).

Distribution

Atlantic Forest in the states of Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and the interior of São Paulo, Brazil. See comment. 

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil

Endemic: Brazil

Comment

See Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 360, for synonymy. See account by Cochran, 1955 "1954", Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 206: 293–298. Feio, Juncá, and Caramaschi, 2000, Herpetol. Rev., 31: 252, reported on the range. Izecksohn and Carvalho-e-Silva, 2001, Anf. Municipio Rio de Janeiro: 89, provided a brief account and photo. Canelas and Bertoluci, 2007, Iheringia, Zool., 97: 21–26, provided a record for the Serra do Caraça, southern end of the Serra do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brazil. See account by Feio, Napoli, and Caramaschi, 2006, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 64> 41–60. Fitzpatrick, Brasileiro, Haddad, and Zamudio, 2009, Mol. Ecol., 18: 2877–2896, suggested on the basis of molecular evidence that this name covers at least tw0 species. Cruz, Feio, and Caramaschi, 2009, Anf. Ibitipoca: 76–77, provided photographs and a brief account for Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Barth, 1956, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 43: 489–497, reported on larval morphology.. Nunes-de-Almeida, Assis, Feio, and Toledo, 2016, PLoS One, 11(9: e0162617): 1–12, reported on vocalization. Juncá, 2006, Biota Neotrop., 6: 1–17, briefly summarized the presence of this species in the Serra da Jibóia region, Bahia, Brazil, and its habitat. Sabbag, Lyra, Zamudio, Haddad, Feio, Leite, Gasparini, and Brasileiro, 2018, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 122: 142–156, on the basis of molecular phylogenetics, and Cholak, Haddad, and Parise-Maltempi, 2020, Genet. Mol. Biol., 43 (3: e20190364): 1–9, on cytogenetic grounds suggested that this nominal species probably represents a species complex. Larval morphology, anatomy, and phylogenetics reported on by Dias, Vera Candioti, Sabbag, Colaço, Silva, Haddad, Carvalho-e-Silva, and Grant, 2021, J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res., 59: 1297–1321. Sabbag, Thomé, Lyra, Brasileiro, Lemmon, Lemmon, and Haddad, 2021 "2022", Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 166 (107220): 1–12, detected several (up to 7) independent lineage-species under this name. Pezzuti, Leite, Rossa-Feres, and Garcia, 2021, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 22 (Special Issue): 1–109, described larval morphology, previous literature, and natural history. Santos, Feio, and Nomura, 2023, Biota Neotrop., 23 (3:e20231486): 1–43, characterized tadpole morphology as part of an identification key to the tadpoles of the Brazilian Cerrado.  

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