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Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
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Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
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Thoropa Cope, 1865

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Cycloramphidae > Genus: Thoropa

7 species

Thoropa Cope, 1865, Nat. Hist. Rev., N.S., 5: 110. Type species: Cystignathus missiessii Eydoux and Souleyet, 1842, by monotypy.

Common Names

River Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 85).

Distribution

Eastern and southeastern Brazil.

Comment

See Bokermann, 1965, An. Acad. Brasil. Cienc., 37: 325-400, and Cocroft and Heyer, 1988, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 101: 209-220, for discussion and key to species. Resurrected from the synonymy of Eupsophus by Lynch, 1972, Bull. S. California Acad. Sci., 71: 5, where it had been placed by Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937, O Campo, 8: 67, and Myers, 1946, Bol. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, N.S., Zool., 55: 11. Considered to be a member of Batrachylini (Telmatobiinae) by Lynch, 1978, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 72: 42, but transferred into the Cycloramphinae by Laurent, 1986, in Grassé and Delsol (eds.), Traite de Zool., 14: 691-693. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 211, placed Thoropa in its own family, Thoropidae, the sister taxon of Dendrobatidae (sensu lato). Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 299: 154, subsequently placed Thoropidae in the synonymy of Cycloramphidae. Fitzpatrick, Brasileiro, Haddad, and Zamudio, 2009, Mol. Ecol., 18: 2877-2896, reported on the molecular phylogenetics of the Thoropa miliaris complex. Nunes-de-Almeida, Assis, Feio, and Toledo, 2016, PLoS One, 11(9: e0162617): 1–12, reported on vocalizations of the species and mapped the ranges. Sabbag, Lyra, Zamudio, Haddad, Feio, Leite, Gasparini, and Brasileiro, 2018, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 122: 142–156, reported on molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the genus and near relatives, suggesting on the basis of Bayesian inference that Thoropa is nonmonophyletic, the bulk of Thoropa species forming the sister taxon of Thoropa lutzi + Cycloramphus + Zachaenus. de Sá, Haddad, Gray, Verdade, Thomé, Rodrigues, and Zamudio, 2020, Evolution, 74: 459–475, also found Thoropa to be paraphyletic in their ML analysis, with Thoropa lutzi being more closely related to Cycloramphus + Zachaenus, and Thoropa taophora being outside of that group. Dias, Vera Candioti, Sabbag, Colaço, Silva, Haddad, Carvalho-e-Silva, and Grant, 2021, J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res., 59: 1297–1321, reported on the comparative anatomy, systematics, functional morphology, and evolution of semiterrestrial tadpoles in the group. Sabbag, Thomé, Lyra, Brasileiro, Lemmon, Lemmon, and Haddad, 2021 "2022", Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 166 (107220): 1–12, reported on molecular phylogenetics within the genus, detecting several unnamed species within nominal Thoropa miliaris.

Contained taxa (7 sp.):

Thoropa bryomantis Assis, Lacerda, Guimarães, Peixoto, Luna, and Feio, 2021

Thoropa lutzi Cochran, 1938

Thoropa megatympanum Caramaschi and Sazima, 1984

Thoropa miliaris (Spix, 1824)

Thoropa petropolitana (Wandolleck, 1907)

Thoropa saxatilis Cocroft and Heyer, 1988

Thoropa taophora (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923)

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