Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Dendrobates tinctorius (Cuvier, 1797)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Dendrobatoidea > Family: Dendrobatidae > Subfamily: Dendrobatinae > Genus: Dendrobates > Species: Dendrobates tinctorius

Rana tinctoria Cuvier, 1797 "An. VI", Tabl. Element. Hist. Nat. Animaux: 295. Type(s): Not designated, although likely orginally in MNHNP. Type locality: "Amérique". Placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology by Anonymous, 2009, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 66: 103-105.

Calamita tinctorius Schneider, 1799, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 175. Type(s): Not designated or known to exist; LACM 43927 designated neotype by Silverstone, 1975, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 21: 47. Type locality: "Americae meridionalis"; neotype from "lower Rivière Matarony (Approuague drainage), Bruynzeel lumber camp, French Guiana, 35 m." (see comment).

Hyla tinctoria — Daudin, 1800, Hist. Nat. Quad. Ovip., Livr. 1: 7. Latreille IN Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801 "An. X", Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 170; Daudin, 1802 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 25.

Rana tinctoria — Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3(1): 135.

Calamita tinctorius — Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amph.: 169.

Hylaplesia tinctoria —Boie in Schlegel, 1826, Bull. Sci. Nat. Geol., Paris, Ser. 2, 9: 239.

Dendrobates tinctorius — Wagler, 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph.: 202. Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 143.

Dendrobates tinctorius var. daudini Steindachner, 1864, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 14: 262. Types: Based on animal figured by Daudin, 1802 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: pl. 8, fig. 1, by original designation. Type locality: Not designated. Synonymy by Silverstone, 1975, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 21: 11.

Dendrobates machadoi Bokermann, 1958, Neotropica, 4: 73. Holotype: WCAB 3083, by original designation; now in MZUSP. Type locality: "Serra do Navio, Territorio Federal de Amapa, Brasil". Synonymy by Silverstone, 1975, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 21: 11.

Dendrobates azureus Hoogmoed, 1969, Zool. Meded., Leiden, 44: 134. Holotype: RMNH 13837A, by original designation. Type locality: "Sipaliwini, forest island on western slope Vier Gebroeders Mountain, 2° N 55° 58′ W, Surinam". Synonymy by Wollenberg, Veith, Noonan, and Lötters, 2006, Copeia, 2006: 623-629. See comment.

Dendrobates tinctorum — Silverstone, 1975, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 21: 11. Typographic error.

Dendrobates tinctorius azureus — Ouboter and Jairam, 2012, Amph. Suriname: 106.

Common Names

Tinging Frog (Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3(1): 135; Wood, 1863, Illust. Nat. Hist., 3: 175).

Dyeing Poison-arrow Frog (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 50).

Dyeing Poison Frog (Walls, 1994, Jewels of the Rainforest: 24; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 50).

Blue Poison Frog (Dendrobates azureus [no longer recognized]: Walls, 1994, Jewels of the Rainforest: 20; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 49).

Blue Poison-arrow Frog (Dendrobates azureus [no longer recognized]:Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 48).

Giant Poison Frog (Dendrobates azureus [no longer recognized]:CITES).

Distribution

Lowland forests of Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and adjacent Brazil.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname

Comment

The nomenclatural history of this species was reviewed by Lescure, 1976, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 3, Zool., 377: 484-486. Hoogmoed, 1971, Aquar. Terrar. Z., 24: 1-7, discussed distribution in Suriname. Problems associated with the neotype designation were discussed by Lescure, 1982, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 39: 267. See account by Silverstone, 1975, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 21: 45-49. Lescure and Marty, 2000, Collect. Patrimoines Nat., Paris, 45: 88-91, provided a brief account and photo. Wollenberg, Veith, Noonan, and Lötters, 2006, Copeia, 2006: 623-629, discussed polymorphism and geographic genic variation. Noonan and Gaucher, 2006, Mol. Ecol., 15: 4425-4435, reported on geographic genic variation and the marks on this of vicariant biogeography. Lötters, Jungfer, Henkel, and Schmidt, 2007, Poison Frogs: 546-558, provided an account. Wollenberg, Lötters, Mora-Ferrer, and Veith, 2008, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 93: 433-444, reported on color pattern variation and evolution. See photograph, map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status (as nominal Dendrobates azureus) in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 228. Avila-Pires, Hoogmoed, and Rocha, 2010, Bol. Mus. Parense Emilio Goeldi, Cienc. Nat., 5: 48, disputed the synonymy of Dendrobates azureus by way of the argument that the Wollenberg et al., 2008, molecular and morphometric data, favoring synonymy, might be wrong, but without offering counter-evidence beyond opinion. See account for Suriname population by Ouboter and Jairam, 2012, Amph. Suriname: 102-107.See Cole, Townsend, Reynolds, MacCulloch, and Lathrop, 2013, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 125: 392-393, for brief account and records for Guyana. Hoogmoed, 2019, Amph. Rept. Conserv., 13 (2: e190): 95–101, discussed nominal Dendrobates azureus and suggested reasons for doubting its synonymy. Taucce, Costa-Campos, Carvalho, and Michalski, 2022, Eur. J. Taxon., 836: 96–130, reported on distribution, literature, and conservation status for Amapá, Brazil. Ferrão, Dias, Kaefer, Ferreira, Tavares-Pinheiro, Pinheiro-Freitas, and Costa-Campos, 2024, Zootaxa, 5399: 446–450, reported on tadpole morphology from Matão do Piaçacá, State of Amapá, Brazil. Sabino-Pinto, Mira, Lorioux-Chevalier, and Chouteau, 2024, Herpetol. Notes, 17: 243–250, discussed the change in dorsal pattern throughout the life of individuals.

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For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
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