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Oophaga pumilio (Schmidt, 1857)
Dendrobates pumilio Schmidt, 1857, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 24: 12. Holotype: KM 1018/1346; lost according to Savage, 1968, Copeia, 1968: 762; Silverstone, 1975, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 21: 37. Type locality: "Neu-Granada"; restricted to "der Weg zwischen Bocca del toro und dem Vulcan Chiriqui [Panama]...zwischen 5000′ und 7000′ Höhe" [Polish feet, therefore = 1150-1160 m, according to Savage, 1970, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 38: 273-288] by Schmidt, 1858, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 14: 249.
Hylaplesia pumilio — Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 126.
Dendrobates typographus Keferstein, 1867, Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen, 18: 360. Holotype: ZFMK 28115 (by implication) according to Böhme and Bischoff, 1984, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 19: 179. Type locality: "Costarica". Synonymy by Dunn, 1941, Copeia, 1941: 88; Savage, 1968, Copeia, 1968: 761; Silverstone, 1975, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 21: 11.
Dendrobates ignitus Cope, 1874, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 26: 68. Syntypes: ANSP 2724-29, according to Dunn and Stuart, 1951, Copeia, 1951: 58, and Silverstone, 1975, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 21: 37. Only one specimen noted in description so the status of the "syntypes" is questionable. Type locality: "region of Nicaragua". Dunn and Stuart, 1951, Copeia, 1951: 58, noted that the data "Machuca", Nicaragua. Synonymy with Dendrobates typographus by Cope, 1875 "1876", J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 8: 102; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 148; and Werner, 1901, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 51: 631. Synonymy by Savage, 1968, Copeia, 1968: 761; Silverstone, 1975, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 21: 11.
Hylaplesia typographa — Brocchi, 1882, Miss. Scient. Mex. Amer. Centr., Rech. Zool., 3(2, livr. 2): 88. Günther, 1900, Biol. Centr. Amer., Rept. Batr., Vol. 7, Part 153: 207.
Hylaplesia ignita — Knauer, 1878, Naturgesch. Lurche: 112.
Dendrobates typographicus — Oertter, 1951, Aquar. Terrar. Z., 4: 48-49. Incorrect subsequent spelling.
Dendrobates galindoi Trapido, 1953, Fieldiana, Zool., 34: 182. Holotype: FMNH 71053, by original designation. Type locality: "altitude 20 feet . . . at the edge of the village of Bastimentos, island of Bastimento, Bocas del Toro Province, Republic of Panama". Synonymy by Savage, 1968, Copeia, 1968: 761; Silverstone, 1975, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 21: : 27.
Oophaga pumilio — Bauer, 1994, Ripa, Netherlands, Fall: 4. Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 299: 172.
Common Names
Strawberry Poison Frog (Walls, 1994, Jewels of the Rainforest: 24; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 50).
Flaming Poison-arrow Frog (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 49).
Strawberry Poison-dart Frog (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 49).
Red-and-blue Poison Frog (CITES).
Flaming Poison Frog (CITES).
Distribution
Lowland forests of the Caribbean drainage of Central America, from eastern Nicaragua to western Panama.
Geographic Occurrence
Natural Resident: Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Comment
See accounts by Savage, 1968, Copeia, 1968: 761–762, and Silverstone, 1975, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 21: 37–39. Lips and Savage, 1996, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 109: 17–26, included this species (as Dendrobates pumilio) in a key to the tadpoles found in Costa Rica. See account by Savage, 2002, Amph. Rept. Costa Rica: 386–388. Hagemann and Pröhl, 2007, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 45: 740–747, noted that the mitochondrial tree of this species presented Oophaga pumilio as forming two groups, one of which is the sister taxon of Oophaga arborea and the other, which is paraphyletic with respect to Oophaga speciosa. These authors suggested that Oophaga pumilio (as Dendrobates pumilio) might represent three species for which the names Dendrobates typhographus Keferstein, 1867, and Dendrobates ignitus Cope, 1874, are available; Dendrobates pumilio Schmidt, 1857, is available for populations south of the northern populations, except for the Escudo de Veraguas population in Panama which does not have an available name. Lötters, Jungfer, Henkel, and Schmidt, 2007, Poison Frogs: 591–609, provided an account. Batista and Köhler, 2008, Salamandra, 44: 225–234, reported on variation in western Panama. See comments by Sunyer, Páiz, Dehling, and Köhler, 2009, Herpetol. Notes, 2: 189–202, regarding Nicaraguan populations. Wang and Summers, 2010, Mol. Ecol., 19: 447–458, reported on microsatellite data strongly correlated with dorsal coloration suggestive of species boundaries. Hauswaldt, Ludewig, Vences, and Pröhl, 2011, J. Biogeograph., 38: 711–726, reported on genetic variation that was consistent with cryptic species. Köhler, 2011, Amph. Cent. Am.: 131–136, provided a key to the species of Andinobates, Dendrobates, and Oophaga (as Dendrobates) in Central America and provided a map and photograph of this species. Galindo-Uribe, Sunyer, Hauswaldt, Amézquita, Pröhl, and Vences, 2014, Salamandra, 50: 225–235, reported on color-pattern variation and phylogeography. Rodriguez, Börner, Pabijan, Gehara, Haddad, and Vences, 2015, Evol. Ecol., 29: 765–785 (and supplemental data), reported on phylogeographic diversity and its causes. Martínez-Fonseca, Holmes, Sunyer, Westeen, Grundler, Cerda, Fernández-Mena, Loza-Molina, Monagan, Nondorf, Pandelis, and Rabosky, 2024, Check List, 20: 67, provided and discussed a record from Refugio Bartola, Departamento Río San Juan, Nicaragua, 60 m elevation.
External links:
Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.
- For access to general information see Wikipedia
- For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
- For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
- For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
- For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
- For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
- For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
- For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist