| Search tool |
Example of search string in box |
What that means to the database |
| * = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string |
Hyl* |
Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla. |
| * = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string |
*Hyla |
Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla |
|
Hyla |
Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor |
| Strings of words without quotation marks |
Lithobates pipiens |
Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens |
| Strings of word with quotation marks |
"Lithobates pipiens" |
Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex. |
| AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND |
Lithobates AND pipiens |
Same as "Lithobates pipiens" |
| OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR |
Lithobates OR "Costa Rica" |
Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica |
| Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks) |
Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri |
Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records |
| Printable HELP file |
| Search tool |
Example of search string in box |
What that means to the database |
| * = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string |
Hyl* |
Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla. |
| * = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string |
*Hyla |
Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla |
| Single word |
Hyla |
Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor |
| Strings of words without quotation marks |
Lithobates pipiens |
Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens |
| Strings of word with quotation marks |
"Lithobates pipiens" |
Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex. |
| AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND |
Lithobates AND pipiens |
Same as "Lithobates pipiens" |
| OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR |
Lithobates OR "Costa Rica" |
Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica |
| Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks) |
Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri |
Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records |
| Printable HELP file |
Oophaga Bauer, 1994
12 species
English Names
None noted.
Distribution
Caribbean Nicaragua through Costa Rica and Panama to the Chocó and western slopes of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador.
Comment
Lötters, Jungfer, Henkel, and Schmidt, 2007, Poison Frogs: 561, commented on the taxon. Santos, Coloma, Summers, Caldwell, Ree, and Cannatella, 2009, PLoS Biol., 7(3: e1000056): 0001-0014, disputed the separation from Dendrobates, but did not falsify the phylogenetic structure upon which this taxonomy was based. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583, confirmed the earlier result and adopted the same taxonomy. Brown, Twomey, Amézquita, Souza, Caldwell, Lötters, von May, Melo-Sampaio, Mejía-Vargas, Pérez-Peña, Pepper, Poelman, Sanchez-Rodriguez, and Summers, 2011, Zootaxa, 3083: 10, rejected this synonymy. Monteiro, Ibáñez D., Mantzana-Oikonomaki, Pröhl, and Rodriguez, 2023, Salamandra, 59: 349, provided a molecular tree (mtDNA) of 8 of the 12 species.
Contained taxa (12 sp.):
External links:
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For images search
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To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see
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For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see
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