Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Limnonectes macrognathus (Boulenger, 1917)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Dicroglossidae > Subfamily: Dicroglossinae > Genus: Limnonectes > Species: Limnonectes macrognathus

Rana macrognathus Boulenger, 1917, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, 20: 414. Syntypes: BMNH 1947.2.1.61 (formerly 1893.10.9.13), by museum records. Type locality: "Karin Hills, Upper Myanmar, 1300 to 1600 feet, and from the district of the Karin Bia-po", Myanmar.

Rana (Rana) macrognathus — Boulenger, 1918, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 1: 236, by implication; Boulenger, 1920, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 7.

Rana macrognathus macrognathus — Smith, 1922, J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 4: 216.

Rana macrognatha macrognatha — Taylor and Elbel, 1958, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 38: 1054.

Rana (Euphlyctis) macrognathus — Dubois, 1981, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 239, by implication.

Euphlyctis macrognathus — Poynton and Broadley, 1985, Ann. Natal Mus., 27: 124, by implication.

Limnonectes (Bourretia) macrognathus — Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 62.

Limnonectes (Elachyglossa) macrognathus — Ohler and Dubois, 1999, Zool. Scripta, 23: 276.

English Names

Karin Hills Wart Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 100).

Green Swollen-headed Frog (Nutphund, 2001, Amph. Thailand: 128).

Large-headed Frog (Chan-ard, 2003, Photograph. Guide Amph. Thailand: 118).

Karin Fanged Frog (Poyarkov, Nguyen, Popov, Geissler, Pawangkhanant, Neang, Suwannapoom, and Orlov, 2021, Russ. J. Herpetol., 28 (3A): 24).

Big-headed Frog (Niyomwan, Srisom, and Pawangkhanant, 2019, Field Guide Amph. Thailand: 270).

Big-mouthed Broad-headed Frog (Zug, 2022, Smithson. Contrib. Zool., 653: 22).

Distribution

Mainland Myanmar in disjunct populations (Kayah, Kayin, Yangon) to southern peninsular Myanmar (Tanintharyi) and through northwestern and southern peninsular Thailand as well as Trat in southeastern Thailand to northern West Malaysia; isolated record from Phou Khao Khouay National Biodiversity Conservation Area, Laos (see comment).

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Laos, Malaysia, Malaysia, West (Peninsular), Myanmar, Thailand

Comment

See Boulenger, 1920, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 51; Taylor, 1962, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 43: 395–398, and Bourret, 1942, Batr. Indochine: 265–268, for accounts. Ohler and Dubois, 1999, Zool. Scripta, 23: 276, gave a restricted distribution of Myanmar (Karen) and Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat). See identification table by Manthey and Grossmann, 1997, Amph. Rept. Südostasiens: 84–86, to compare this species with other ranids of the Sunda Shelf region. Chan-ard, 2003, Photograph. Guide Amph. Thailand: 118–119, provided a very brief account, map for Thailand, and photograph. Reported for Pulau Langkawi, Kadeh, northwestern West Malaysia, by Grismer, Youmans, Wood, Ponce, Wright, Jones, Johnson, Sanders, Gower, Yaakob, and Lim, 2006, Hamadryad, 30: 61–74. Chan-ard, Cota, and Makchai, 2011, Amph. E. Region Thailand: 134, detailed the range in Thailand. Lambertz, Hartmann, Walsh, Geissler, and McLeod, 2014, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 172: 117–132, compared the head ornamentation of Limnonectes dabanus, Limnonectes gyldenstolpei, Limnonectes macrognathus, and Limnonectes plicatellus and suggested that the name Elachoglossa be restricted to this clade. Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksintum, Chuaynkern, and Stuart, 2015, Zootaxa, 3956: 258–270, provided a molecular tree and comparative morphological characters of this this species. Manthey and Manthey, 2017, Sauria, Berlin, 39: 35–55, provided a record from Phou Khao Khouay National Biodiversity Conservation Area, Laos. Phimmachak, Sivongxay, Seateun, Yodthong, Rujirawan, Neang, Aowphol, and Stuart, 2018, Zootaxa, 4375: 334, provided a 16s mtDNA tree that placed Limnonectes macrognathus among their samples. Niyomwan, Srisom, and Pawangkhanant, 2019, Field Guide Amph. Thailand: 270–271, provided a brief account (photographs, habitat, and range) for Thailand (in Thai). Mulcahy, Lee, Miller, Chand, Thura, and Zug, 2018, ZooKeys, 757: 95, provided a record from Taninthary Division, southern Myanmar. Makchai, Chuaynkern, Safoowong, Chuachat, and Cota, 2020, Amph. N. Thailand: 63–64, provided photographs, a brief account for Thailand, and a range map. Poyarkov, Nguyen, Popov, Geissler, Pawangkhanant, Neang, Suwannapoom, and Orlov, 2021, Russ. J. Herpetol., 28 (3A): 24, suggested that the record from Laos by Manthey and Manthey (2016) requires confirmation. Zug, 2022, Smithson. Contrib. Zool., 653: 22–23, briefly discussed identification, habitat, and range in Myanmar.

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