Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Scinax alter (Lutz, 1973)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Hylidae > Subfamily: Hylinae > Genus: Scinax > Species: Scinax alter

Hyla rubra orientalis Lutz, 1968, Pearce-Sellards Ser., 10: 15. Holotype: MNRJ 4030, by original designation. Type locality: "Crubixá, county of Santa Leopoldina, state of Espirito Santo", Brazil. Given as "Brazil, Espírito Santo State, Municipality of Santa Leopoldina, Ribeirão Crubixá-Mirim, 20° 06′ S, 40° 31′ W, 400 m a.s.l." by Nunes, Kwet, and Pombal, 2012, Copeia, 2012: 556. Junior homonym of Hyla arborea orientalis Bedriaga, 1890 "1889".

Hyla rubra altera Lutz, 1973, Brazil. Spec. Hyla: 157. Replacement name for Hyla rubra orientalis Lutz, 1968.

Ololygon altera — Carvalho-e-Silva and Peixoto, 1991, Rev. Brasil. Biol., 51: 268.

Scinax altera — Pombal, Haddad, and Kasahara, 1995, J. Herpetol., 29: 1.

Scinax alterus — Silvano and Pimenta, 2001, Herpetol. Rev., 32: 272. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Scinax alter — Alves and Carvalho-e-Silva, 2002, J. Herpetol., 36: 133.

Common Names

Crubixa Snouted Treefrog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 63).

Distribution

Coastal region of eastern Brazil from southern Bahia to Rio de Janeiro, with inland populations in the Rio Doce valley of Minas Gerais and some highland populations in Espírito Santo.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil

Endemic: Brazil

Comment

Removed from the synonymy of Scinax catharinae, without comment, by Carvalho-e-Silva and Peixoto, 1991, Rev. Brasil. Biol., 51: 268. These authors also associated this species with the Scinax x-signatus group. Treated as a synonym of Scinax ruber by Duellman, 1977, Das Tierreich, 95: ix, 97, and Duellman and Wiens, 1993, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 153: 37–38. Pombal, Haddad, and Kasahara, 1995, J. Herpetol., 29: 5, and Pombal, Bastos, and Haddad, 1995, Naturalia, São Paulo, 20: 213–225, reported on the advertisement call and noted that there may be several species covered by the name Scinax alter and assigned it to the Scinax ruber group. Alves and Carvalho-e-Silva, 2002, J. Herpetol., 36: 133–137, documented differences in the tadpoles of Scinax alter and Scinax cuspidatus. In the Scinax ruber group of Pombal, Haddad, and Kasahara, 1995, J. Herpetol., 29: 1–6. The Scinax ruber group rejected as nonmonophyletic by Faivovich, 2002, Cladistics, 18: 367–393. Izecksohn and Carvalho-e-Silva, 2001, Anf. Municipio Rio de Janeiro: 56, provided a brief account and photo. Nunes, Kwet, and Pombal, 2012, Copeia, 2012: 554–569, revised and redelimited the species, as well as discussing the advertisement call and larval morphology. In the Scinax auratus group of Araujo-Vieira, Lourenço, Lacerda, Lyra, Blotto, Ron, Baldo, Pereyra, Suárez-Mayorga, Baêta, Ferreira, Barrio-Amorós, Borteiro, Brandão, Brasileiro, Donnelly, Dubeux, Köhler, Kolenc, Leite, Maciel, Nunes, Orrico, Peloso, Pezzuti, Reichle, Rojas-Runjaic, Silva, Sturaro, Langone, Garcia, Rodrigues, Frost, Wheeler, Grant, Pombal, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2023, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 27 (Special Issue): 84 (see comment under Hylinae).

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