Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Physalaemus albifrons (Spix, 1824)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Leptodactylidae > Subfamily: Leiuperinae > Genus: Physalaemus > Species: Physalaemus albifrons

Bufo albifrons Spix, 1824, Animal. Nova Spec. Nov. Test. Ran. Brasil.: 48. Type(s): 2 specimens according to the original publication, including animal figured on pl. 19, fig. 2; syntypes include ZSM 49/0 and 50/0 (both now lost) according to Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 374, for discussion; RMNH 2272 considered subsequently a remaining syntype by Hoogmoed, 1986, Zool. Meded., Leiden, 60: 299-300. See comments by Glaw and Franzen, 2006, Spixiana, München, 29: 171; Boulenger, 1887, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, 20: 296, recorded the syntypes as ZMB 6800 (2 specimens), apparently in error. Type locality: "Habitat in Provincia Bahia", Brazil. Type locality rendered as "Porto Alegre", Brazil, by Boulenger, 1887, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, 20: 296. Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 17, suggested that the type locality is in "provàvelmente . . . da região central de taboleiros", Bahia, Brazil.

Bombinator albifrons — Schlegel, 1826, Bull. Sci. Nat. Geol., Paris, Ser. 2, 9: 239.

Paludicola albifrons — Wagler, 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph.: 206. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 27: 159.

Physalaemus albifrons — Parker, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 20: 460.

Common Names

Bahia Dwarf Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 83).

Distribution

Northern Maranhão, through Piauí, Ceará, Bahia, Paraíba, Pernambuco, and Alagoas south through Bahia to southern Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil

Endemic: Brazil

Comment

In the Physalaemus biligonigerus group of Nascimento, Caramaschi, and Cruz, 2005, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 63: 309. Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 89, noted that the presence of this species in Argentina needs to be confirmed, and Langone, 2001, Cuad. Herpetol., 15: 85-88, discussed the range and rejected its presence in Argentina as based on confusion for the most part with Physalaemus biligonigerus. Silva, Santos, Alves, Sousa, and Annunziata, 2010, Sitientibus, Ser. Cienc. Biol., 7: 334-340, provided records for Piauí, Brazil. Oliveira, Weber, and Ruggeri, 2010, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 5: 249-254, reported on larval morphology. Palmeira, Gonçalves, and Paz, 2011, Check List, 7: 839-840, provided a distribution map and a range extension into Alagoas, Brazil. Pederassi, Lima, Caramaschi, Souza, Santos, and Silva, Zootaxa, 3994: 449–450, redescribed the advertisement call. In the Physalaemus cuvieri clade, Physalaemus cuvieri species group, of Lourenço, Targueta, Baldo, Nascimento, Garcia, Andrade, Haddad, and Recco-Pimentel, 2015, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 92: 204–216. Hepp and Pombal, 2020, Zootaxa, 4725: 1–106, discussed this species as part of a genus-wide discussion of bioacoustical traits among the species. Dubeux, Silva, Nascimento, Gonçalves, and Mott, 2019, Rev. Nordestina Zool., 12: 18–52, summarized the literature on larval morphology. See Dubeux, Nascimento, Lima, Magalhães, Silva, Gonçalves, Almeida, Correia, Garda, Mesquita, Rossa-Feres, and Mott, 2020, Biota Neotrop., 20 (2: e20180718): 1–24, for characterization and identification of larvae north of the Rio São Francisco in the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil. Dubeux, Gonçalves, Ramos, Melo, Silva, and Mott, 2020, Herpetol. Notes, 13: 997–1002, provided a record for Pedra Talhada Biological Reseerve, Quebrangulo Municipality, Alagoas, Brazil, and commented on natural history and range. Almeida, Wachlevski, Soares, and Passos, 2024, J. Nat. Hist., London, 58: 1585–1595, reported on the advertisement call.

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