Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Leiuperinae Bonaparte, 1850

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Leptodactylidae > Subfamily: Leiuperinae

102 species

Leiuperina Bonaparte, 1850, Conspect. Syst. Herpetol. Amph.: 1 p. Type genus: Leiuperus Duméril and Bibron, 1841.

Paludicolina Mivart, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869: 290. Type genus: Paludicola Wagler, 1830. Synonymy by Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 299: 154.

Paludicolidae — Miranda-Ribeiro, 1924, Bol. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 1: 143.

Paludicolinae — Lutz, 1929, Mem. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 22: 5.

Pseudopaludicolinae Gallardo, 1965, Pap. Avulsos Zool., São Paulo, 17: 84. Type genus: Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926. Synonymy by Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 299: 154.

Leiuperidae — Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 299: 154.

Leiuperinae — Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583.

Leiuperini — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 199. Tribe.

Paludicolini — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 199. Tribe.

Edalorhinina Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 199. Type genus: Edalorhina Jiménez de la Espada, 1870. Tribe.

Paludicolina — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 199. Subtribe.

Common Names

None noted.

Distribution

Southern Mexico throughout Central and South America south to southern Chile and southern Argentina.

Comment

The literature of this taxon is deeply intertwined with that of Leptodactylidae. See comment under Leptodactylidae for relevant literature. Removed from the synonymy of Leptodactylidae by Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 299: 154, who considered this taxon to be the sister taxon of Bufonidae + Hylodidae + Dendrobatoidea. Synonymy of Leiuperina with Leptodactylidae had been made by implication of synonymy of Leiuperus with Pleurodema by Parker, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 20: 465. Vitt and Caldwell, 2009, Herpetology, 3rd Ed.: 457–459, provided a general taxonomic account and map as part of a much more general and extensive overview of amphibian biology. Vera Candioti, Haad, Baldo, Kolenc, Borteiro, and Altig, 2011, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 104: 330–345, reported on evolution of oral apparatus in tadpoles within the group. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, suggested that Leiuperinae is the sister taxon of their Paratelmatobiinae. Grosso, Baldo, Cardozo, Kolenc, Borteiro, Oliveira, Bonino, Barrasso, and Vera Candioti, 2019, PLoS One, 14(6: e0218733): 1–37, reported on the phylogenetics and ontogenetics of early larval development in leiuperine frogs.

Contained taxa (102 sp.):

Edalorhina Jiménez de la Espada, 1870 (2 sp.)

Engystomops Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 (9 sp.)

Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (50 sp.)

Pleurodema Tschudi, 1838 (15 sp.)

Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (26 sp.)

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