Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Physalaemus biligonigerus (Cope, 1861)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Leptodactylidae > Subfamily: Leiuperinae > Genus: Physalaemus > Species: Physalaemus biligonigerus

Hyobates fuscomaculatus Jan, 1857, Cenni Mus. Civ. Milano: 52. Type(s): MSNM. Type locality: "Brasile". Nomen nudum, likely in this synonymy (DRF), attributed to Tschudi and Fitzinger, presumably from jar labels.

Liuperus biligonigerus Cope, 1861 "1860", Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 12: 517. Holotype: ANSP 2265, according to Milstead, 1963, Copeia, 1963: 565. Type locality: "Buenos Ayres", Argentina. Corrected to "the surroundings of La Paz, Entre Rios Province, Argentina" by Kolenc, Baldo, Borteiro, Marango, Ferraro, and Faivovich, 2011, Copeia, 2011: 513.

Pleurodema biligonigera — Cope, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14: 352.

Eupemphix fuscomaculatus Steindachner, 1864, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 14: 272. Holotype: NHMW 4316, according to Häupl, Tiedemann, and Grillitsch, 1994, Kat. Wiss. Samml. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 9: 21. Type locality: "Caiçara in Brasilien", near S. Luiz de Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Rendered as "Caiçara, Municipality of Cáceres, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil" by Nascimento, Pimenta, Cruz, and Caramaschi, 2006, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 1: 172. Synonymy by Kolenc, Baldo, Borteiro, Marango, Ferraro, and Faivovich, 2011, Copeia, 2011: 513.

Hiobates fuscomaculatus Steindachner, 1864, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 14: 272. Name provided in synonymy of Eupemphix fuscomaculatus and attributed to Fitzinger and Tschudi. Synonymy by Kolenc, Baldo, Borteiro, Marango, Ferraro, and Faivovich, 2011, Copeia, 2011: 513

Gomphobates fuscomaculata — Steindachner, 1867, Reise Österreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool., Amph.: 12.

Hiobates fuscus Steindachner, 1867, Reise Österreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool., Amph.: 12. MS name attributed to Fitzinger and proposed in synonymy of Eupemphix fuscomaculatus.

Lystris fuscomaculata — Cope, 1869 "1868", Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 20: 312. Presumably based on specimens of Physalaemus marmoratus (DRF).

Gomphobates biligonigerus — Cope, 1870 "1869", Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 11: 168.

Paludicola (Gomphobates) biligonigerus — Peters, 1873, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1873: 616.

Paludicola fuscomaculata — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 233.

Paludicola biligonigera — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 234.

Physalaemus biligonigerus — Parker, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 20: 458; Gallardo, 1964, Neotropica, 10: 25.

Physalaemus fuscomaculata — Parker, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 20: 459.

Physalaemus fuscomaculatus — Cochran, 1955 "1954", Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 206: 345. Presumably based on specimens of Physalaemus marmoratus (DRF).

Physalaemus fuscumaculatus — Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 389. Incorrect subsequent spelling of the epithet.

Pleurodema fuscomaculata — Nascimento, Pimenta, Cruz, and Caramaschi, 2006, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 1: 166. Gender disagreement.

Pleurodema fuscomaculatum — Kolenc, Borteiro, Baldo, Ferraro, and Prigioni, 2009, Zootaxa, 1969: 2. Gender correction of species name.

Common Names

Weeping Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 83).

Distribution

Northern and central Argentina; adjacent Bolivia; central and western Paraguay; Uruguay; southern Brazil.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay

Comment

In the Physalaemus biligonigerus group of Nascimento, Caramaschi, and Cruz, 2005, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 63: 309. Reviewed by Barrio, 1965, Physis, Buenos Aires, 25: 421-448, who noted that this is a sibling species of Physalaemus santafecinus. See comment under Physalaemus santafecinus. See brief account by Klappenbach and Langone, 1992, An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, Ser. 2, 8: 194. Márquez, De la Riva, and Bosch, 1995, J. Zool., London, 237: 313–336, reported on vocalization in Bolivia. Confused in the literature with Physalaemus fuscomaculatus, which has resulted in considerable problems in delimiting ranges according to De la Riva, Köhler, Lötters, and Reichle, 2000, Rev. Esp. Herpetol., 14: 43, who discussed its presence in Bolivia. Köhler, 2000, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 48: 139, provided a brief account. Achaval and Olmos, 2003, Anf. Rept. Uruguay, ed. 2: 28, provided a brief account and photograph for the Uruguay population. Brusquetti and Lavilla, 2006, Cuad. Herpetol., 20: 17, briefly discussed the range in Paraguay. Nomura, Rossa-Feres, and Prado, 2003, Zootaxa, 370: 1–8, reported on larval morphology. Borteiro and Kolenc, 2007, Zootaxa, 1638: 1–20, described larval morphology from the Uruguay population. Moreno and Gutierrez, 2008, Cuad. Herpetol., 22: 49-50, provided a record for the Province of San Luis, Argentina, and discussed the range. Weiler, Núñez, Airaldi, Lavilla, Peris, and Baldo, 2013, Anf. Paraguay: 102, provided a brief account, image, and dot map for Paraguay. In the Physalaemus cuvieri clade, Physalaemus biligonigerus species group, of Lourenço, Targueta, Baldo, Nascimento, Garcia, Andrade, Haddad, and Recco-Pimentel, 2015, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 92: 204–216. Schulze, Jansen, and Köhler, 2015, Zootaxa, 4016: 63–64, described, diagnosed, and pictured the larva. Salas, Zavattieri, di Tada, Martino, and Bridarolli, 1998, Cuad. Herpetol., 12: 37–48, discussed the call. Chuliver and Fabrezi, 2019, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 14: 150–161, provided a developmental staging table. Santos-Pereira, Pombal, and Rocha, 2018, Biota Neotrop., 18 (3: e20170322): 1–19, suggested that isolated records from Paraná, Brazil, require confirmation. Hepp and Pombal, 2020, Zootaxa, 4725: 1–106, discussed this species as part of a genus-wide discussion of bioacoustical traits among the species. Rossa-Feres and Nomura, 2006 "2005", Biota Neotrop., São Paulo, 6 (2: bn00706012006): 1–24, characterized larval morphology of this species (as Physalaemus fuscomaculatus) and provided a key to the larvae of northwestern São Paulo state, Brazil.

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For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
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For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.