Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Physalaemus marmoratus (Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Leptodactylidae > Subfamily: Leiuperinae > Genus: Physalaemus > Species: Physalaemus marmoratus

Gomphobates marmoratus Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 "1861", Vidensk. Medd. Dansk Naturhist. Foren., Ser. 2, 3: 175. Types: ZMUC; ZMUC R1193 (formerly 22) designated lectotype by Nascimento, Pimenta, Cruz, and Caramaschi, 2006, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 1: 169. Type locality: "Lagoa Santa", Minas Gerais, Brazil. Not a new combination of Leiuperus marmoratus Duméril and Bibron. Secondary homonym of Leiuperus marmoratus Duméril and Bibron. Synonymy by Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 42.

Physalaemus marmoratus — Nascimento, Pimenta, Cruz, and Caramaschi, 2006, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 1: 166.

Common Names

Brown-spotted Dwarf Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 83 [as Physalaemus fuscomaculatus]).

Distribution

Open habitats in the states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Mato Grosso, and Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil), east-central Paraguay (Amambay, Canindeyú, and San Pedro provinces) and presumably also in adjacent eastern Bolivia.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil, Paraguay

Likely/Controversially Present: Bolivia

Comment

Nascimento, Pimenta, Cruz, and Caramaschi, 2006, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 1: 166–174, discussed and resolved the confusion with Pleurodema fuscomaculatum, provided an account and considered this species to be in the Physalaemus albifrons group. Cei, 1987, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 21: 227–228, discussed this (as Physalaemus fuscomaculatus) species with respect to Physalaemus biligonigerus. See also Cei, 1990, Boll. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino, 8: 215–231 (as Physalaemus fuscomaculatus). De la Riva, Köhler, Lötters, and Reichle, 2000, Rev. Esp. Herpetol., 14: 43, and Köhler, 2000, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 48: 69, discussed its possible occurrence of this species (as Physalaemus fuscomaculatus) in Bolivia and confusion with Physalaemus biligonigerus. Brandão and Araújo, 2001, in Ribeiro et al. (eds.), Cerrado—Caracterização e Recuperação de Matas de Galeria: 560–604, reported the species (as Physalaemus fuscomaculatus) in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. Nascimento, Pimenta, Cruz, and Caramaschi, 2006, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 1: 166–172, provided a discussion of the nomenclatural difficulties surrounding the application of this name. All literature prior to 2006 using the name Physalaemus fuscomaculatus should be used with great caution and with reference to the discussion provided by Nascimento et al. (2006). Weiler, Núñez, Airaldi, Lavilla, Peris, and Baldo, 2013, Anf. Paraguay: 105, provided a brief account, image, and dot map for Paraguay. In the Physalaemus cuvieri clade, Physalaemus biligonigerus species group, of Lourenço, Targueta, Baldo, Nascimento, Garcia, Andrade, Haddad, and Recco-Pimentel, 2015, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 92: 204–216. Neves, Yves, Pereira Silva, Alves, Vasques, Coelho, and Silva, 2019, Herpetozoa, Wien, 32: 113–123, provided habitat information and records for western Minas Gerais, Brazil. Hepp and Pombal, 2020, Zootaxa, 4725: 1–106, discussed this species as part of a genus-wide discussion of bioacoustical traits among the species. Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Nomura, Morais, Guerra Batista, Santos, Andrade, Oliveira, Brandão, and Bastos, 2020, Guia Ident. Anf. Goiás e Dist. Fed. Brasil Central: 138, provided an account for Goiás and the D.F., Brazil. Eterovick, Souza, and Sazima, 2020, Anf. Serra do Cipó: 1–292, provided an account, life history information, and an identification scheme for the Serra de Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Alves-Ferreira, Paixão, and Nomura, 2021, Biota Neotrop., 21 (4: e20201178): 1–11, reported on larval morphology in Goias, Brazil. Santos, Feio, and Nomura, 2023, Biota Neotrop., 23 (3:e20231486): 1–43, characterized tadpole morphology as part of an identification key to the tadpoles of the Brazilian Cerrado.

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For access to general information see Wikipedia
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To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.