Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Physalaemus signifer (Girard, 1853)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Leptodactylidae > Subfamily: Leiuperinae > Genus: Physalaemus > Species: Physalaemus signifer

Rhinoderma signifera Girard, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6: 424. Type(s): Not stated, presumably originally in USNM or ANSP; lost, according to Cochran, 1955 "1954", Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 206: 353-354. Type locality: "Rio de Janeiro, [Rio de Janeiro,] Brazil".

Phyllobates glandulosus Steindachner, 1867, Reise Österreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool., Amph.: 53. Holotype: NHMW 16520, according to Häupl and Tiedemann, 1978, Kat. Wiss. Samml. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 2: 26, and Häupl, Tiedemann, and Grillitsch, 1994, Kat. Wiss. Samml. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 9: 30. Type locality: "Brasilien". Considered to be "Brasil, provàvelmente Serra da Estrela, Inhomirim, Rio de Janeiro", by Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 81. Synonymy with Physalameus olfersi by Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 81. This was disputed and the synonymy transferred to Physalaemus signifer by Cassini, Cruz, and Caramaschi, 2010, Zootaxa, 2491: 15.The citation Fitzinger IN Steindachner, 1863, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 48: 186, provided by Häupl and Tiedemann, 1978, Kat. Wiss. Samml. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 2: 26, appears to be in error (DRF).

Paludicola signifera — Boulenger, 1891, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 8: 454.

Paludicola signifer — Baumann, 1912, Zool. Jahrb., Jena, Abt. Syst., 33: 162.

Paludicola bresslaui Müller, 1924, Senckenb. Biol., 6: 175. Holotype: ZSM 4/1924 (lost) according to Glaw and Franzen, 2006, Spixiana, München, 29: 174. Type locality: "Therezopolis (in der Serra dos Orgaes), Staat Rio de Janeiro", Brazil. Synonymy by Cochran, 1955 "1954", Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 206: 351; Bokermann, 1962, An. Acad. Brasil. Cienc., 34: 563-568.

Physalaemus bresslaui — Parker, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 20: 464.

Physalaemus signiferus — Cochran, 1955 "1954", Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 206: 351.

Physalaemus signifer — Cannatella, 1985, in Frost (ed.), Amph. Species World: 255; Izecksohn and Carvalho-e-Silva, 2001, Anf. Municipio Rio de Janeiro: 79.

Eupemphix signifer — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 442.

English Names

Girard’s Dwarf Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 83).

Otavio's Robber Frog (Ferreira, Dantas, Mattedi, and Silva-Soares, 2009, Herpetol. Rev., 40: 446).

Distribution

Bahia, Espíritu Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo, Brazil.

Geographics occurrence

Natural resident: Brazil

Endemic to the political unit: Brazil

Comment

In the Physalaemus signifer group of of Nascimento, Caramaschi, and Cruz, 2005, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 63: 308. Weber, Gonzaga, and Carvalho-e-Silva, 2006 "2005", Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 63: 678, provided a sonogram of the advertisement call. See account by Bokermann, 1962, An. Acad. Brasil. Cienc., 34: 563–568. Izecksohn and Carvalho-e-Silva, 2001, Anf. Municipio Rio de Janeiro: 79, provided a brief account and photo. Ferreira, Dantas, Mattedi, and Silva-Soares, 2009, Herpetol. Rev., 40: 446–447, provided the record for Espíritu Santo, Brazil, and commented on the range. In the Physalaemus signifer clade of Lourenço, Targueta, Baldo, Nascimento, Garcia, Andrade, Haddad, and Recco-Pimentel, 2015, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 92: 204–216. Freitas, Abegg, Dias, and Moraes, 2018, Herpetol. Notes, 11: 59–72, provided a record of Physalaemus cf. signifer from the Serra da Jibóia, Bahia, Brazil. Hepp and Pombal, 2020, Zootaxa, 4725: 1–106, discussed this species as part of a genus-wide discussion of bioacoustical traits among the species. Pezzuti, Leite, Rossa-Feres, and Garcia, 2021, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 22 (Special Issue): 1–109, described and discussed larval morphology and natural history.

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