Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Mantidactylus betsileanus (Boulenger, 1882)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Mantellidae > Subfamily: Mantellinae > Genus: Mantidactylus > Species: Mantidactylus betsileanus

Rana betsileana Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 460. Syntypes: BMNH 1947.2.26.33-45 (according to Blommers-Schlösser and Blanc, 1991, Faune de Madagascar, 75: 242), MCZ 15362 (on exchange from BMNH, Barbour and Loveridge, 1946, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 96: 181). Scherz, Crottini, Hutter, Hildenbrand, Andreone, Fulgence, Köhler, Ndriantsoa, Ohler, Preick, Rakotoarison, Rancilhac, Raselimanana, Riemann, Rödel, Rosa, Streicher, Vieites, Köhler, Hofreiter, Glaw, and Vences, 2022, Megataxa, 7: 113, regarded the number of syntypes as uncertain and designated BMNH 1947.2.26.45 lectotype. Type localities: "East Betsileo" and "Ankafana, Betsileo", Madagascar.

Rhacophorus fumigatus Mocquard, 1895, Bull. Soc. Philomath., Paris, Ser. 8, 7: 106. Holotype: MNHNP 1895.258, according to Guibé, 1950 "1948", Cat. Types Amph. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat.: 48. Type locality: "Madagascar . . . . côte ouest" (thought to likely be in error due to being outside of known range, according to Scherz, Crottini, Hutter, Hildenbrand, Andreone, Fulgence, Köhler, Ndriantsoa, Ohler, Preick, Rakotoarison, Rancilhac, Raselimanana, Riemann, Rödel, Rosa, Streicher, Vieites, Köhler, Hofreiter, Glaw, and Vences, 2022, Megataxa, 7: 214). Synonymy by Guibé, 1947, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 2, 19: 43.

Mantidactylus betsileanus — Boulenger, 1895, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 15: 450; Boulenger, 1918, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1918: 258.

Mantidactylus multiplicatus Boettger, 1913, in Voeltzkow (ed.), Reise Ost-Afr., 3(4): 273. Holotype: SMF 6733 (formerly 1068.5a) according to Mertens, 1967, Senckenb. Biol., 48(A): 47. Type locality: "Alaotra-See, Ost-Madagascar". Synonymy (and discussion) by Scherz, Crottini, Hutter, Hildenbrand, Andreone, Fulgence, Köhler, Ndriantsoa, Ohler, Preick, Rakotoarison, Rancilhac, Raselimanana, Riemann, Rödel, Rosa, Streicher, Vieites, Köhler, Hofreiter, Glaw, and Vences, 2022, Megataxa, 7: 214.

Mantidactylus brunneus Ahl, 1929 "1928", Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 14: 474. Holotype: ZMB unnumbered according to the original publication; lost, according to Guibé, 1978, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 11: 45. Type locality: "Nord-West-Madagascar". Considered a nomen dubium by Guibé, 1978, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 11: 45. Considered a junior synonym of Mantidactylus betsileanus by Glaw and Vences, 1992, Fieldguide Amph. Rept. Madagascar: 277.

Mantidactylus (Mantidactylus) betsileanus — Ahl, 1931, Das Tierreich, 55: 15; Laurent, 1943, Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg., 19: 7.

Mantidactylus (Mantidactylus) brunneus — Ahl, 1931, Das Tierreich, 55: 19.

Rhacophorus (Rhacophorus) fumigatus — Ahl, 1931, Das Tierreich, 55: 190.

Mantidactylus (Brygoomantis) betsileanus — Dubois, 1992, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 311; Glaw and Vences, 2006, Organisms Divers. Evol., Electron. Suppl., 11(1): 3.

Common Names

Betsileo Madagascar Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 101).

Distribution

Widespread over a large area of central Madagascar, from sea level on the east coast to the central highlands; known from the vicinity of Lac Alaotra, Ambatovaky, Ambodisakoa, Ambohitantely, Andasibe, Anjozorobe, Anosibe An’Ala, Antara, Antsirakambiaty forest, Befanjana, Betampona, Fierenana, Fivahona, Itremo, Mahasoa, Mandraka, Maromizaha, Marotandrano-Riamalandy, Namoly, Ranomafana and surrounds, Sahambaky Forest (Lakato), Torotorofotsy, Tsaranoro, and Tsinjoarivo. Elevation range: 190–1648 m.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Madagascar

Endemic: Madagascar

Comment

Glaw and Vences, 2007, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Madagascar, Ed. 3: 234–235, provided an account and noted similar unnamed species from 1) Nosy Boraha; 2) Andranofotsy 3) Tolagnaro; 4) Tomasina; 5) Andasibe; 6) Andohahela. Rodriguez, Börner, Pabijan, Gehara, Haddad, and Vences, 2015, Evol. Ecol., 29: 765–785 (and supplemental data), reported on phylogeographic diversity and its causes. Poth, Wollenberg, Vences, and Schulz, 2012, Angerw. Chem. Internatl. Ed., 51: 1–5, regarded Mantidactylus multiplicatus as distinct, but this was discussed (showing that the taxon addressed by Poth et al., 2012, is actually Mantidactylus katae, and reversed by Scherz, Crottini, Hutter, Hildenbrand, Andreone, Fulgence, Köhler, Ndriantsoa, Ohler, Preick, Rakotoarison, Rancilhac, Raselimanana, Riemann, Rödel, Rosa, Streicher, Vieites, Köhler, Hofreiter, Glaw, and Vences, 2022, Megataxa, 7: 113–311, who placed this species in the subgenus Brygoomantis, Mantidactylus betsileanus clade and provided an account detailing (pp. 213–217) diagnosis, natural history, adult and larval morphology, advertisement call, and distribution.

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