Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Micrixalus kottigeharensis (Rao, 1937)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Micrixalidae > Genus: Micrixalus > Species: Micrixalus kottigeharensis

Philautus kottigeharensis Rao, 1937, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 408. Holotype: CCB; now lost according to Dubois, 1984, Alytes, 3: 157. Type locality: "Kottigehar, Kadur", Karnataka, India.

Philautus swamianus Rao, 1937, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 409. Holotype: CCB; now lost according to Dubois, 1984, Alytes, 3: 157. Type locality: "Kottigehar, Kadur", Karnataka, India. Synonymy by Biju, Garg, Gururaja, Shouche, and Walujkar, 2014, Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci., 43: 85.

Philautus narainensis Rao, 1937, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 413. Holotype: CCB; now lost according to Dubois, 1984, Alytes, 3: 157. Type locality: "Kottigehar, Kadur", Karnataka, India. Synonymy by Biju, Garg, Gururaja, Shouche, and Walujkar, 2014, Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci., 43: 85.

Micrixalus kottigeharensis — Bossuyt and Dubois, 2001, Zeylanica, 6: 49.

Micrixalus swamianus — Bossuyt and Dubois, 2001, Zeylanica, 6: 49.

Micrixalus narainensis — Bossuyt and Dubois, 2001, Zeylanica, 6: 50.

Common Names

Kottigehar Bubble-nest Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 112).

Kottigehar Bush Frog (Das and Dutta, 1998, Hamadryad, 23: 66).

Kottigehar Torrent Frog (Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Gururaja, and Bhatta, 2009, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occas. Pap., 302: 46; Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Deepak, and Kulkarni, 2023, Fauna India Checklist, vers. 5.0 : 6).

Kottigehar Dancing Frog (Biju, Garg, Gururaja, Shouche, and Walujkar, 2014, Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci., 43: 49).

Naraina's Bush Frog (Micralus narainensis [no longer recognized]: Das and Dutta, 1998, Hamadryad, 23: 66).

Narain's Bush Frog (Micralus narainensis [no longer recognized]: Chanda, 2002, Handb. Indian Amph.: 163).

Narain's Torrent Frog (Micralus narainensis [no longer recognized]: Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Gururaja, and Bhatta, 2009, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occas. Pap., 302: 47).

Swami Bubble-nest Frog (Micrixalus swamianus [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 112).

Ramaswami's Bush Frog (Micrixalus swamianus [no longer recognized]: Das and Dutta, 1998, Hamadryad, 23: 67).

Rao's Bush Frog (Micrixalus swamianus [no longer recognized]: Chanda, 2002, Handb. Indian Amph.: 168).

Ramaswami's Torrent Frog (Micrixalus swamianus [no longer recognized]: Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Gururaja, and Bhatta, 2009, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occas. Pap., 302: 49).

Distribution

Western Ghats in the state of Karnataka, but restricted to the north of the Palghat Gap and south of the Goa Gap; specifically reported from Kemmanagundi, Kottigehara and Muthodi (Chikmagalur District), Charmadi Ghats (Dakshina Kannada District), Sakleshpur (Hassan District), Kathlekan, Unchalli Falls and Waddighat (Uttara Kannada District)

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: India

Endemic: India

Comment

Chanda, 2002, Handb. Indian Amph.: 158, 163, and 168, provided brief accounts (as, respectively Philautus kottigeharensis, Philautus naraiensis, and Philautus swamianus). See photograph, map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 485. Das and Dutta, 2007, Hamadryad, 31: 154–181, noted no larval descriptions in the literature. Very brief characterizations, photographs, and dot maps provided by Subramanian, Dinesh, and Radhakrishnan, 2013, Atlas of Endemic Amph. W. Ghats: 61, 62, and 67, as, respectively Micrixalus kottigeharensis, Micrixalus narainensis, and Micrixalus swamianus). In the Micrixalus saxicola group of Biju, Garg, Gururaja, Shouche, and Walujkar, 2014, Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci., 43: 1-87, who revised the species and redelimited its range. Mudke, Aravind, Gururaja, Tapley, Thunga, Das, Prince, and Sreevathsa, 2020, Herpetol. Notes, 13: 645–648, reported on larval morphology.

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