Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Chiromantis Peters, 1854

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Rhacophoridae > Subfamily: Rhacophorinae > Genus: Chiromantis

4 species

Chiromantis Peters, 1854, Ber. Bekannt. Verhandl. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1854: 626. Type species: Chiromantis xerampelina Peters, 1854, by monotypy.

Common Names

Foam Nest Frogs (Passmore and Carruthers, 1979, S. Afr. Frogs: 200; Lambiris, 1990 "1989", Monogr. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino, 10: 139; Channing and Howell, 2006, Amph. E. Afr.: 334; Du Preez and Carruthers, 2009, Compl. Guide Frogs S. Afr.: 456).

Foam-nest Treefrogs (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 131; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 111).

Distribution

African tropics, south of the Sahara.

Comment

See Werner, 1923, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 72: 62–66, and accounts for African species in Schiøtz, 1999, Treefrogs Afr.: 35–41. Poynton, 2000, Afr. J. Herpetol., 49: 125, suggested that unnamed species of Chiromantis exist in Somalia and that careful systematic studies are needed. Li, Che, Murphy, Zhao, Zhao, Rao, and Zhang, 2009, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 53: 509–522, suggested on the basis of molecular evidence that Chiromantis as currently constructed (now Chiromantis + Chirixalus) is paraphyletic with respect to Feihyla. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, did obtain a monophyletic Chiromantis (sensu lato), with somewhat greater taxon and locus sampling in their molecular study; they found Chiromantis as the sister of a taxon of Ghatixalus, a taxon not included by Li et al., 2009. Li, Li, Klaus, Rao, Hillis, and Zhang, 2013, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110: 3441–3446, found on the basis of a Bayesian analysis Chiromantis (sensu lato) to be monophyletic and the sister taxon of a large group composed of Feihyla, Ghatixalus, Taruga, Polypedates, and Rhacophorus. Channing and Rödel, 2019, Field Guide Frogs & Other Amph. Afr.: 210–211, provided brief accounts, photographs, and range maps for the species.

Contained taxa (4 sp.):

Chiromantis kelleri Boettger, 1893

Chiromantis petersii Boulenger, 1882

Chiromantis rufescens (Günther, 1869)

Chiromantis xerampelina Peters, 1854

External links:

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