Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Lyciasalamandra billae (Franzen and Klewen, 1987)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Caudata > Family: Salamandridae > Subfamily: Salamandrinae > Genus: Lyciasalamandra > Species: Lyciasalamandra billae

Mertensiella luschani billae Franzen and Klewen, 1987, Salamandra, 23: 133. Holotype: ZFMK 45766, by original designation. Type locality: "seewärts gerichteter Hang des Beydaglari circa 25 km südwestlich von Antalya" (= coastal slope of the Bay Mountains, 25 km southwest of Antalya), southern Türkiye. Type locality discussed and corrected to "southern slope of the Kale Tepe, 1.5 km west of Siçan Island", Turk by Veith, Baran, Godmann, Kiefer, Öz, and Tunç, 2001, Zool. Middle East, 22: 70.

Lyciasalamandra billae — Veith and Steinfartz, 2004, Salamandra, 40: 76.

Lyciasalamandra irfani Göçmen, Arikan, and Yalçinkaya, 2011, North-West. J. Zool., Romania, 7: 153. Holotype: ZMHRU 2011/121:3, by original designation. Type locality: "Göynuk Canyon, Kemer, Antalya - Turkey. 280 m. a.s.l.". Synonymy by Veith, Göçmen, Sotiropoulos, Kieren, Godmann, and Steinfartz, 2016, Amphibia-Reptilia, 37: 373.

Lyciasalamandra yehudahi Göçmen and Akman, 2012, North-West. J. Zool., Romania, 8: 187. Holotype: ZMHRU 2011/134:5, by original designation. Type locality: "The eastern slope of Tahtal Mt., Teleferic road 4th km, Kemer, Antalya - Turkey. 238 m. a.s.l." Synonymy by Veith, Göçmen, Sotiropoulos, Kieren, Godmann, and Steinfartz, 2016, Amphibia-Reptilia, 37: 373.

Lyciasalamandra arikani Göçmen and Akman, 2012, North-West. J. Zool., Romania, 8: 183. Holotype: ZMHRU 2011/122:4, by original designation. Type locality: "eastern slope of Tahtal Mt., 4th Km Kumluca, Antalya - Turkey. 610 m. a.s.l." Synonymy by Veith, Göçmen, Sotiropoulos, Kieren, Godmann, and Steinfartz, 2016, Amphibia-Reptilia, 37: 373.

Lyciasalamandra billae billae — Godmann, Kariş, and Göçmen, 2016, Zool. Middle East, 62: 257.

Lyciasalamandra billae eikeae Godmann, Kariş, and Göçmen, 2016, Zool. Middle East, 62: 257. Holotype: ZMADYU 2014/130-1, by original designation. Type locality: "from Geyikbayırı I (Ketelle Mevkii), Konyaaltı , Antalya province, Turkey, 985 m a.s.l., (36° 52’ N, 30° 26’ E)." Zoobank publication registration: 8F541E98-61F3-4EDD-A432-614B0A250711

Lyciasalamandra billae yehudahi — Veith, Göçmen, Sotiropoulos, Kieren, Godmann, and Steinfartz, 2016, Amphibia-Reptilia, 37: 373.

Lyciasalamandra billae arikani — Veith, Göçmen, Sotiropoulos, Kieren, Godmann, and Steinfartz, 2016, Amphibia-Reptilia, 37: 373.

Lyciasalamandra billae irfani — Veith, Göçmen, Sotiropoulos, Kieren, Godmann, and Steinfartz, 2016, Amphibia-Reptilia, 37: 373.

Common Names

Bille's Salamander (Sparreboom, 2014, Salamanders Old World: 244).

Bay Lycian Salamander (Dufresnes, 2019, Amph. Eur., N. Afr., & Middle East: 175).

Bille's Salamander (Salamandra billae billae: Raffaëlli, 2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World: 245).

Irfan's Salamander (Salamandra billae irfani: Raffaëlli, 2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World: 246).

Yehudah's Salamander (Salamandra billae yehudai: Raffaëlli, 2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World: 248).

Arikan's Salamander (Salamandra billae arikani: Raffaëlli, 2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World: 249).

Elke's Salamander (Salamandra billae eikeae: Raffaëlli, 2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World: 250).

Distribution

Antalya Province, Türkiye, 0–782 m elevation.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Türkiye

Endemic: Türkiye

Comment

See photograph, map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 602. Raffaëlli, 2013, Urodeles du Monde, 2nd ed.: 212, provided brief accounts (as Lyciasalamandra billae (p. 212, Lyciasalamandra arikani (p. 213), Lyciasalamandra irfani (p. 213), and Lyciasalamandra yehudai (p. 214), photograph, and map. Sparreboom, 2014, Salamanders Old World: 244–245, reviewed the biology, characteristics, distribution, reproduction, and conservation of the species. Godmann, Kariş, and Göçmen, 2016, Zool. Middle East, 62: 255–260, named a new subspecies and discussed geographic variation. Veith, Göçmen, Sotiropoulos, Kieren, Godmann, and Steinfartz, 2016, Amphibia-Reptilia, 37: 373–387, revised the species and recognized four subspecies formerly regarded as species: Lyciasalamandra billae billae (eastern slope of the Caricinar Daglari, southwest of Antalya, 0-200 m elevation, and within 5 km to the west of Geyikbayırıı , 800–1100 m elevation, all in Antalya province, Türkiye); Lyciasalamandra billae arikani (mountainous areas between Beycik and Kumlucayaz, between 425 and 782 m elevation, Antalya, Türkiye); Lyciasalamandra billae irfani (vicinity of the type locality, Göynuk Canyon, Kemer, Antalya, Türkiye, ca. 280 m elevation), and Lyciasalamandra billae yehudai (eastern and northwestern slopes of Tahtal Mountain, Kemer region, Antalya, Türkiye). See Dufresnes, 2019, Amph. Eur., N. Afr., & Middle East: 175, for brief summary of identifying morphology and biology, a range map, as well as a photograph (see p. 211 for photographs and map of subspecies). Yaşar, Çiçek, Mulder, and Tok, 2021, North-West. J. Zool., Romania, 17(e201512): 232–275, discussed and grid-mapped the range in Türkiye. Raffaëlli, 2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World: 245–250, provided subspecies accounts, summarizing systematics, life history, population status, and distribution (including a polygon map).

External links:

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For access to general information see Wikipedia
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For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist