Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Rhinatrema nigrum Dunn, 1942

Class: Amphibia > Order: Gymnophiona > Family: Rhinatrematidae > Genus: Rhinatrema > Species: Rhinatrema nigrum

Rhinatrema nigrum Dunn, 1942, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 91: 458-459. Holotype: AMNH (now lost); MBUCV 5360 designated neotype by Taylor, 1968, Caecilians of the World: 209. Type locality: "Arundabara, British Guiana [=Guyana], elevation 2200 feet" (see comment by MacCulloch and Lathrop, 2009, R. Ontario Mus. Contrib. Sci., 4: 16-17); locality of neotype is "El Dorado, Bolívar, Venezuela".

Epicrionops nigrus — Taylor, 1968, Caecilians of the World: 209. Incorrect subsequent spelling of species name.

Epicrionops niger — Barrio-Amorós, 1999 "1998", Acta Biol. Venezuelica, 18: 63.

Rhinatrema nigrum — Maciel, Sampaio, Hoogmoed, and Schneider, 2018, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 13 287.

Common Names

Black Caecilian (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 25).

Distribution

West-central Guyana to northeastern Venezuela; presumably in adjacent Brazil. See comment.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Guyana, Venezuela

Comment

MacCulloch and Lathrop, 2009, R. Ontario Mus. Contrib. Sci., 4: 16-17, commented on specimens from Mount Ayanganna, Guyana. See comment under Epicrionops. Donnelly and Wake, 2013, Copeia, 2013: 224-228, discussed new specimens from Guyana and commented on the range. Señaris Vasquez, Lampo, Rojas-Runjaic, and Barrio-Amorós, 2014, Guía Ilust. Anf. Parque Nac. Canaima: 248–249, provided a photograph and a brief account (as Epicrionops niger) for the Parque Nacional de Canaima, Venezuela. Moraes, Almeida, Fraga, Rojas-Zamora, Pirani, Silva, Carvalho, Gordo, and Werneck, 2017, ZooKeys, 715: 103–159, noted a specimen from the Serra da Mocidade in the Guiana Shield region of northern Brazil, similar to this species but genetically distinct, presumably representing an unnamed species. Maciel, Sampaio, Hoogmoed, and Schneider, 2018, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 13: 287–299, returned the species to Rhinatrema after finding it phylogenetically imbedded within that genus. Maciel, Sampaio, Hoogmoed, and Schneider, 2018, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 13: 287–299, reported on phylogenetic relationships and mapped the range. See Barrio-Amorós, Rojas-Runjaic, and Señaris Vasquez, 2019, Amph. Rept. Conserv., 13 (1: e180): 133, for comments on range and literature, as Epicrionops niger. Señaris Vasquez and Rojas-Runjaic, 2020, in Rull and Carnaval (eds.), Neotrop. Divers. Patterns Process.: 571–632, commented on range and conservation status in the Venezuelan Guayana.

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For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist