Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Rhinatrema Duméril and Bibron, 1841

Class: Amphibia > Order: Gymnophiona > Family: Rhinatrematidae > Genus: Rhinatrema

6 species

Rhinatrema Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 288. Type species: Caecilia bivittata Guérin-Méneville, 1838, by monotypy.

Rhinatrème Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 271. Non-Latinized generic name.

Common Names

Two-lined Caecilians (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 26)

Distribution

French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, northeastern Venezuela, and adjacent Amapá, Pará, and northeastern Amazonas, Brazil.

Comment

Wilkinson and Nussbaum, 2006, In Exbrayat (ed.), Reprod. Biol. Phylog. Gymnophiona: 39–78 [53], diagnosed Epicrionops and Rhinatrema as separate genera and suggested that evidence of monophyly of Epicrionops with respect to Rhinatrema was currently unknown. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583 (see comment in Amphibia record) suggested on the basis of molecular evidence that Epicrionops niger is more closely related to Rhinatrema bivittatum than to Epicrionops marmoratus, suggesting that a generic rearrangement was warranted. This result was confirmed and resolved by San Mauro, Gower, Müller, Loader, Zardoya, Nussbaum, and Wilkinson, 2014, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 73: 177–189, with the transfer of Epicrionops niger to Rhinatrema. Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 407, treated Epicrionops as a junior synonym of Rhinatrema on the basis of their molecular analysis, although their only terminal of nominal Epicrionops was Epicrionops marmoratus, which they recovered as the sister taxon of Rhinatrema. Pretty clearly, although this synonymy is permissible given their tree structure, it seems that more exemplars of Epicrionops should be employed than one (DRF).

Contained taxa (6 sp.):

Rhinatrema bivittatum (Guérin-Méneville, 1838)

Rhinatrema gilbertogili Maciel, Sampaio, Hoogmoed, and Schneider, 2018

Rhinatrema nigrum Dunn, 1942

Rhinatrema ron Wilkinson and Gower, 2010

Rhinatrema shiv Gower, Wilkinson, Sherratt, and Kok, 2010

Rhinatrema uaiuai Maciel, Sampaio, Hoogmoed, and Schneider, 2018

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