Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Yunganastes ashkapara (Köhler, 2000)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Brachycephaloidea > Family: Strabomantidae > Subfamily: Pristimantinae > Genus: Yunganastes > Species: Yunganastes ashkapara

Eleutherodactylus ashkapara Köhler, 2000, Copeia, 2000: 516. Holotype: CBF 3344, by original designation. Type locality: "approximately 47 km on the 'old' road from Paractito via El Palmar to Cochabamba (17° 07′ 58″ S, 65° 36′ 54″ W), Provincia Chapare, Departamento Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2100 m above sea level".

Pristimantis ashkapara — Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Suppl. Inform., 104: Table 2.

Eleutherodactylus (Yunganastes) ashkapara — Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, Köhler, Domic, and De la Riva, 2007, Herpetol. Monogr., 21: 217.

Pristimantis (Yunganastes) ashkapara — Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 128.

Yunganastes ashkapara — Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, and De la Riva, 2009, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 52: 912.

English Names

None noted.

Distribution

Known only from the vicinity of the type locality (Provincia Chapare, Departamento Cochabamba) and Abra de la Cruz, Manuel Maria Caballero Province, Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia, 1700-2100 m elevation.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Bolivia

Endemic: Bolivia

Comment

Most similar to Eleutherodactylus fraudator and Eleutherodactylus pluvicanorus according to the original publication and assigned this species to the new Eleutherodactylus (Craugastor) fraudator group, composed of Eleutherodactylus fraudator, Eleutherodactylus pluvicanorus, and Eleutherodactylus ashkapara. Köhler, 2000, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 48: 112, provided a brief account. Crawford and Smith, 2005, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 3: 551, discussed the Eleutherodactylus fraudator group, noted its possible inclusion in Craugastor, but left its status ambiguous. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 200, discussed the Eleutherodactylus fraudator group and excluded it from Craugastor. Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, Köhler, Domic, and De la Riva, 2007, Herpetol. Monogr., 21: 217-220, provided an account. See photograph, map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status (as Eleutherodactylus ashkapara) in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 3189. Ramos-Gutierrez and Gonzales-Álvarez, 2009, Herpetol. Rev., 40: 109, provided the first record from Manuel Maria Caballero Province, Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia.

External links:

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To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.