Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Vitreorana ritae (Lutz, 1952)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Centrolenidae > Subfamily: Centroleninae > Genus: Vitreorana > Species: Vitreorana ritae

Centrolene ritae Lutz in Lutz and Kloss, 1952, Mem. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 50: 658. Types: Formerly in MNRJ, now destroyed according to Duellman, 1977, Das Tierreich, 95: 195. MCZ 96522 (the holotype of Centrolenella ametarsia) designated neotype by Cisneros-Heredia, 2013, Avanc. Cienc. Ingen., Quito, Secc. B,, 5: B1. Type locality: "Benjamin Constant, Alto Solimões", Estado do Amazonas, Brazil. Neotype from "the headwaters of Río Caiwima, a tributary of the Río Amayaca-Yacu, ca. 70 km NNE Puerto Nariño, Amazonas, Colombia (approximately 3°20′S, 70°20′W)".

Centrolenella oyampiensis Lescure, 1975, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 100: 386. Holotype: MNHNP 1973.1673, by original designation. Type locality: "village Zidok (Haut-Oyapock), Guyane française". Synonymy by Cisneros-Heredia, 2013, Avanc. Cienc. Ingen., Quito, Secc. B,, 5: B1.

Centrolenella ritae — Duellman, 1977, Das Tierreich, 95: ix, 195.

Cochranella ritae — Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1991, Lozania, 57: 23.

Centrolenella ametarsia Flores, 1987, J. Herpetol., 21: 185. Holotype: MCZ 96522, by original designation. Type locality: "the headwaters of Río Caiwima, a tributary of the Río Amayaca-Yacu, ca. 70 km NNE Puerto Nariño, Amazonas, Colombia (approximately 3°20′S, 70°20′W)". Synonymy with Centrolenella oyampiensis by Guayasamin, Cisneros-Heredia, and Castroviejo-Fisher, 2008, Zootaxa, 1815: 28.

Cochranella ametarsia — Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1991, Lozania, 57: 21; Savage, 2002, Amph. Rept. Costa Rica: 365.

Cochranella oyampiensis — Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1991, Lozania, 57: 22.

Vitreorana oyampiensis — Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009, Zootaxa, 2100: 39.

"Cochranella" ritae — Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009, Zootaxa, 2100: 58.

Vitreorana ritae — Cisneros-Heredia, 2013, Avanc. Cienc. Ingen., Quito, Secc. B,, 5: B1.

English Names

Rita's Cochran Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 47).

Zidok Cochran Frog (Vitreorana oyampiensis [no longer recognized]: (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 47).

Headwater Cochran Frog (Cochranella ametarsia [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 46).

Rita's Glassfrog (Guayasamin, Cisneros-Heredia, McDiarmid, Peña, and Hutter, 2020, Diversity, 12 (222): 245).

Distribution

Known from two localities in the Amazonian lowlands (below 300 m elevation) of Orellana Province, eastern Ecuador; Amazonas, Colombia, and one locality in Amazonian Peru (Loreto) and Provincia Roman, Departamento Pando, Bolivia; eastern Suriname, French Guiana, and in Brazil from Roraima and Amapá south to extreme western Amazonas and the municipalities of Cotriguaçu and Sinop, Mato Grosso, and east to Amapá and central Pará, Brazil; expected in southern Guyana and Guianan Venezuela.

Comment

In the Cochranella ocellata group, according to Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1991, Lozania, 57: 1-30. Zimmerman, 1983, Herpetologica, 39: 235–246, and Zimmerman and Bogart, 1984, Acta Amazonica, 14: 473–520, reported on vocalization. Placed in the Cochranella spinosa group by Savage, 2002, Amph. Rept. Costa Rica: 365. See comment under Cochranella resplendens. Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009, Zootaxa, 2100: 39, suggested that this is a likely senior synonym of Vitreorana oyampiensis. Cisneros-Heredia, 2013, Avanc. Cienc. Ingen., Quito, Secc. B,, 5: B1, made the formal synonymy. Moraes, Almeida, Fraga, Rojas-Zamora, Pirani, Silva, Carvalho, Gordo, and Werneck, 2017, ZooKeys, 715: 103–159, reported on specimens from the Serra da Mocidade, state of Roraima, northern Brazil. Muñoz-Saravia and Aguayo-Vedia, 2009, Cuad. Herpetol., 23: 97–99, provided a record from the Provincia Roman, Departamento Pando, Bolivia (as Vitreorana oyampiensis). Menin, Lima, and Rodrigues, 2009, Zootaxa, 2203: 65–68, reported on larval morphology (as Vitreorana oyampiensis). Fouquet, Vidal, and Dewynter, 2019, Zoosystema, 41: 366, were dubious of the synonymy of Vitreorana oyampiensis. For identification of larvae (as Centrolenella oyampiensis) in central Amazonia, Brazil, see Hero, 1990, Amazoniana, 11: 201–262. Metcalf, Marsh, Torres Pacaya, Graham, and Gunnels, 2020, Herpetol. Notes, 13: 753–767, reported the species from the Santa Cruz Forest Reserve, Loreto, northeastern Peru. Guayasamin, Cisneros-Heredia, McDiarmid, Peña, and Hutter, 2020, Diversity, 12 (222): 245–250, provided a detailed account, including adult and larval morphology, advertisement call, relationships, natural history, and conservation status. Penhacek, Anjos, Araujo de Oliveira, Hernández-Ruz, Rodrigues, Guerra Batista, and Rodrigues, 2020, Caldasia, 42: 171–180, reported on localities in Mato Grosso, Brazil, inferred from molecular and acoustic evidence and provided photographs and a brief characterization of the larvae. Costa-Campos, Figueiredo, Lima, and Lima, 2020, Herpetol. Notes, 13: 733–737, provided new records for Amapá, Brazil, and provided a dot map of the distribution. Taucce, Costa-Campos, Carvalho, and Michalski, 2022, Eur. J. Taxon., 836: 96–130, reported on distribution, literature, and conservation status for Amapá, Brazil. Not included in the Venezuela fauna by Barrio-Amorós, Rojas-Runjaic, and Señaris, 2019, Amph. Rept. Conserv., 13 (1: e180): 1–198, but possibly to be found in the Guianan highlands of east-central Venezuela. Schiesari, Rossa-Feres, Menin, and Hödl, 2022, Zootaxa, 5223: 34–36, detailed larval and metamorph morphology and natural history in central Amazonia, Brazil. Lescure, Dewynter, Frétey, Ineich, Ohler, Vidal, and De Massary, 2022, Bull. Soc. Herpetol. France, 181(5): 1–7, confirmed the species in French Guiana.

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