Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Minervarya keralensis (Dubois, 1981)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Dicroglossidae > Subfamily: Dicroglossinae > Genus: Minervarya > Species: Minervarya keralensis

Rana verrucosa Günther, 1876 "1875", Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875: 567. Syntypes: BMNH 1947.2.28.80–96, according to Dubois, 1984, Alytes, 3: 148. Type locality: "Malabar", India. Biju, 2001, Occas. Publ. Indian Soc. Conserv. Biol., 1: 8, noted the imprecision of this type locality. Preoccupied by Rana temporaria verrucosus Koch, 1872.

Rana (Rana) verrucosa — Boulenger, 1920, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 6.

Dicroglossus verrucosus — Deckert, 1938, Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, 1938: 138.

Rana (Euphlyctis) keralensis Dubois, 1981 "1980", Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Sect. A, Zool., 2: 928. Replacement name for Rana verrucosa Günther, 1875.

Rana (Fejervarya) keralensis — Dubois, 1984, Alytes, 3: 148.

Euphlyctis keralensis — Poynton and Broadley, 1985, Ann. Natal Mus., 27: 124, by implication.

Limnonectes (Fejervarya) keralensis — Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 61.

Fejervarya keralensis — Iskandar, 1998, Amph. Java Bali: 71, by implication; Dubois and Ohler, 2000, Alytes, 18: 35; Fei, Ye, Jiang, and Xie, 2002, Herpetol. Sinica, 9: 92; Dinesh, Vijayakumar, Channakeshavamurthy, Torsekar, Kulkarni, and Shanker, 2015, Zootaxa, 3999: 79.

Zakerana keralensis — Howlader, 2011, Bangladesh Wildl. Bull., 5: 2.

Minervarya keralensis — Sanchez, Biju, Islam, Hasan, Ohler, Vences, and Kurabayashi, 2018, Salamandra, 54: 115.

Common Names

Kerala Wart Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 100).

Kerala Warty Frog (Das and Dutta, 1998, Hamadryad, 23: 65; Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Gururaja, and Bhatta, 2009, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occas. Pap., 302: 17).

Warty Frog (Shrestha, 2001, Herpetol. Nepal: 84 [identification doubtful; see comment).

Dubois' Hill Frog (Chanda, 2002, Handb. Indian Amph.: 115).

Verrucose Frog (Daniels, 2005, Amph. Peninsular India: 203).

Kerala Cricket Frog (Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Deepak, and Kulkarni, 2023, Fauna India Checklist, vers. 5.0 : 4).

Distribution

Mountains of Kerala north to Orissa and Andhra Pradesh, possibly to Gujurat, India; doubtfully in northeastern India (see comment).

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: India

Endemic: India

Comment

See accounts by Boulenger, 1920, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 26, and Inger, Shaffer, Koshy, and Bakde, 1984, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 81: 426. Sarkar, Biswas, and Ray, 1992, State Fauna Ser., 3: 87, provided a brief account for West Bengal, India Biju, 2001, Occas. Publ. Indian Soc. Conserv. Biol., 1: 10, and Choudhury, Hussain, Buruah, Saikia, and Sengupta, 2002, Hamadryad, 26: 278, noted some misidentifications from the northern part of the range. Chanda, 2002, Handb. Indian Amph.: 115–116, provided a brief account (as Rana keralensis). Dutta, 1997, Amph. India Sri Lanka: 130, provided range, systematic comments, and a taxonomic bibliography. Kuramoto and Joshy, 2001, Curr. Herpetol., Kyoto, 20: 85–95, reported on the advertisement call, as Limnonectes cf. keralensis. Daniels, 2005, Amph. Peninsular India: 203–207, who suggested that records outside of the Western Ghats applied to other species. Sarkar and Ray, 2006, In Alfred (ed.), Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, Part 1: 299, provided a questionable report (as Rana keralensis) for Arunachal Pradesh. Devi and Shamungou, 2006, J. Exp. Zool. India, 9: 317–324, provided a record (questionable?) for Manipur, northeastern India. Das and Dutta, 2007, Hamadryad, 31: 154–181, noted a few larval descriptions of varying levels of completeness in the literature.Sivaprasad, 2013, Common Amph. Kerala: 48–49, provided a brief account, photograph, and dot map for Kerala. Deuti, Sethy, and Ray, 2014, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 114: 127–128, provided a brief account for the population of the Andhra Pradesh, India. Sreekumar and Dinesh, 2020, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 120: 33–40, noted that records from Maharashtra, India, are in error. Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Gururaja, and Bhatta, 2009, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occas. Pap., 302: 17, regarded the records for Nepal and Gujarat to be doubtful. Khatiwada, Wang, Zhao, Xie, and Jiang, 2021, Asian Herpetol. Res., 12: 1–35, did not include this species in the Nepal fauna so the literature that places this species in that country requires confirmation (e.g., (Shrestha, 2001, Herpetol. Nepal: 84). Garg and Biju, 2021, Asian Herpetol. Res., 12: 345–370, summarized the systematics (morphology and molecular markers) of this member of the Minervarya nilagirica group and mapped its distribution.

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