Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Nanorana polunini (Smith, 1951)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Dicroglossidae > Subfamily: Dicroglossinae > Genus: Nanorana > Species: Nanorana polunini

Rana polunini Smith, 1951, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 12, 4: 727. Holotype: BMNH 1950.1.6.4, by original designation. Type locality: "Langtang Village, 11,000 ft.", Nepal.

Rana (Paa) polunini — Dubois, 1975, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 3, Zool., 324: 1098; Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 43.

Paa (Paa) polunini — Dubois, 1992, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 320.

Nanorana polunini — Chen, Murphy, Lathrop, Ngo, Orlov, Ho, and Somorjai, 2005, Herpetol. J., 15: 239, by implication; Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 367.

Chaparana (Paa) polunini — Ohler and Dubois, 2006, Zoosystema, 28: 781.

Paa polunini — Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2010, Herpetol. Sinica, 12: 26.

Nanorana (Nanorana) polunini — Hofmann, Jablonski, Litvinchuk, Masroor, and Schmidt, 2021, PeerJ, 9 (e11793): 11.

Common Names

Langtang Paa Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 102; Li, Zhao, and Dong, 2010, Amph. Rept. Tibet: 45).

Polunin's Spiny Frog (Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 216).

Smith Frog (Shrestha, 2001, Herpetol. Nepal: 87; Li, Zhao, and Dong, 2010, Amph. Rept. Tibet: 45).

Langtang Frog (Shrestha, 2001, Herpetol. Nepal: 87).

Polunin's Paa Frog (Schleich, Anders, and Kästle, 2002, in Schleich and Kästle (eds.), Amph. Rept. Nepal: 79).

Distribution

Montane Nepal and into the border area of central Tibet, China, 2610–3990 m elevation.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: China, People's Republic of, Nepal

Likely/Controversially Present: Bhutan, India

Comment

Related to Rana blanfordi according to the original publication. See accounts by Dubois, 1974, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 3, Zool., 213: 368–370, and Dubois, 1976, Cah. Nepal., Doc., 6: 116–145. See brief account, map, and figure in Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 216–218. See account by Fei and Ye, 2001, Acta Zool. Sinica, 47: 476–478. Anders, 2002, in Schleich and Kästle (eds.), Amph. Rept. Nepal: 279–283, provided an account for the Nepal population. See brief account (as Rana polunini) by Shrestha, 2001, Herpetol. Nepal: 87–88. Das and Dutta, 2007, Hamadryad, 31: 154–181, noted several larval descriptions of varying levels of completeness in the literature. Fei, Hu, Ye, and Huang, 2009, Fauna Sinica, Amph. 3: 1397–1400, provided an account (as Paa polunini) for China, figures, and map, and included this species in their Paa blanfordii group. Not addressed, and therefore not assigned to subgenus, by Che, Zhou, Hu, Papenfuss, Wake, and Zhang, 2010, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107: 13765–13770, and Che, Zhou, Hu, Papenfuss, Wake, and Zhang, 2010, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Suppl. Inform., doi:10.1073/pnas.1008415107/-/DCSupplemental: 2. Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2010, Colored Atlas of Chinese Amph.: 372, provided a brief account (as Paa polunini). Li, Zhao, and Dong, 2010, Amph. Rept. Tibet: 45, provided an account (as Paa polunini) for Xizang, China. See Shah and Tiwari, 2004, Herpetofauna Nepal: 66, for brief account (as Paa polunini). Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2012, Colored Atlas Chinese Amph. Distr.: 458, provided an account, illustrations, and a range map for China. Subba, Aravind, and Ravikanth, 2016, Check List, 13(1: 2033): 12, considered the presence of this species in Sikkim, India, to be doubtful. Che, Jiang, Yan, and Zhang, 2020, Amph. Rept. Tibet: 290–293, provided a detailed account for Tibet, China. Khatiwada, Wang, Zhao, Xie, and Jiang, 2021, Asian Herpetol. Res., 12: 1–35, did not include this species in their treatment of Nepalese amphibians, a curious lapse.

External links:

Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.

For access to general information see Wikipedia
For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For additional information specific to China see Amphibia China