Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Occidozyga laevis (Günther, 1858)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Dicroglossidae > Subfamily: Occidozyginae > Genus: Occidozyga > Species: Occidozyga laevis

Oxyglossus laevis Günther, 1858, Arch. Naturgesch., 24: 319. Syntypes: BMNH (2 specimens, according to Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 7), only one of which is currently identified as BMNH 1947.2.4.65, by museum records. Type locality: "Philippinen".

Phrynoglossus laevis — Peters, 1867, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1867: 29; Taylor, 1962, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 43: 353–358; Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 59; Smith, 1931, Bull. Raffles Mus., 5: 16; Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2010, Herpetol. Sinica, 12: 30. See comment under Dicroglossidae; Köhler, Vargas, Than, Schell, Janke, Pauls, and Thammachoti, 2021, Vert. Zool., Senckenberg, 71: 7.

Oxyglossis laevis — Smith, 1916, J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 2: 172. Incorrect subsequent spelling of the generic name.

Oxyglossus laevis — Bourret, 1927, Fauna Indochine, Vert., 3: 264.

Oxydozyga laevis — Mertens, 1927, Senckenb. Biol., 9: 242.

Ooeidozyga laevis — Smith, 1927, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1927: 204.

Oxydozyga laevis laevis — Mertens, 1930, Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges., 42: 209.

Phrynoglossus laevis laevis — Mertens, 1934, Arch. Hydrobiol., Stuttgart, 40: 682.

Ooeidozyga laevis laevis — Inger, 1954, Fieldiana, Zool., 33: 249; Inger, 1966, Fieldiana, Zool., 52: 240.

Occidozyga laevis — Dubois, 1981, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 245, by implication; Inger, 1996, Herpetologica, 52: 242.

Frethia laevis — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 243.

Common Names

Philippine Oriental Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 104).

Common Puddle Frog (Kiew, 1987, Malayan Nat. J., 41: 418).

Spotted Puddle Frog (Chan-ard, 2003, Photograph. Guide Amph. Thailand: 122).

Yellow-bellied Puddle Frog (Nguyen, Ho, and Nguyen, 2005, Checklist Amph. Rept. Vietnam: 23; Das, Jankowski, Makmor, and Haas, 2007, Mitt. Hamburg. Zool. Mus. Inst., 104: 152).

Distribution

Philippines (islands of Alabat, Balabac, Batan, Bohol, Bonoon, Busuanga, Cagraray, Calagna-an, Calauit, Camaguin-Sur, Catanduanes, Cebu, Coron, Dinagat, Guimaras, Inampulugan, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbates, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Romblon Island group, Samar, Sicogon, Subayan, and Sulu Archipelago). Unnamed associated species found in Indonesia and Malaysia. See comment.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Philippines

Endemic: Philippines

Comment

Inger, 1954, Fieldiana, Zool., 33: 249–256, provided an account. Previously confused with Occidozyga sumatrana; see comment under that taxon. Grismer, Chan, Grismer, Wood, and Ahmad, 2010, Russ. J. Herpetol., 17: 147–160, reported localities from the Banjaran Bintang Mountains, northwestern peninsular Malaysia. Gaulke, 2011, Herpetofauna Panay Island: 89–91, provided a brief account (as Occidozyga laevis) for Panay Island, Philippines. Binaday, 2017, Herpetol. Rev., 48: 385, provided a record for Batan, Philippines, and briefly discussed the range. See brief notes for Mindanao, Philippines, by Sanguila, Cobb, Siler, Diesmos, Alcala, and Brown, 2016, ZooKeys, 624: 31. The identity of the call reported as this species from Thailand by Heyer, 1971, Fieldiana, Zool., 58: 61–82, is unknown. The records of Chan-ard, Cota, and Makchai, 2011, Amph. E. Region Thailand: 137, from Songkhla, Pattani and Narathiwat, peninsular Thailand, presumably are assignable to Occidozyga martensii. Chan, Schoppe, Rico, and Brown, 2020, Philipp. J. Syst. Biol., 14: 1–14, reported on molecular phylogeography in the Philippines, identifying two candidate species on Palawan, within nominal Occidozyga laevis. Flury, Haas, Brown, Das, Min, Kueh, Scheidt, Iskandar, Jankowski, and Hertwig, 2021, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 163 (107210): 1–17, found their laevis group to be composed of 11 mtDNA lineages, one from Palawan, Philippines; three from Borneo, and 7 from the remainder of the Philippine archipelago, of which all but one are supported by nuDNA. Which, if any of these is represented by the surviving syntype in the BMNH is unknown. Chan, Hutter, Wood, Su, and Brown, 2022, Syst. Biol., 71: 40–57, reported on gene flow among populations and its influence on estimates of cryptic species in the Philippines. Haas, Das, Hertwig, Bublies, and Schulz-Schaeffer, 2022, Guide to the Tadpoles of Borneo: 284–285, summarized the knowledge of habitat, reproduction, larval morphology and coloration of Occidozyga aff. laevis from Borneo. Meneses, Siler, Alviola, Balatibat, Gonzalez, Natividad, and Brown, 2022, Check List, 18: 941–984, discussed its habitat on Sibuyan I, Philippines. Herlambang, Riyanto, Munir, Hamidy, Kimura, Eto, and Mumpuni, 2022, Treubia, 49: 78, reported Occidozyga cf. laevis from Bunguran I., Natuna Is., Indonesia.

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For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.