Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Hemiphractus Wagler, 1828

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Hemiphractidae > Genus: Hemiphractus

9 species

Hemiphractus Wagler, 1828, Isis von Oken, 21: 736-737. Type species: Hemiphractus spixii Wagler, 1828 (= Rana scutata Spix, 1824), by monotypy.

Cerathyla Jiménez de la Espada, 1870, J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat., Lisboa, 3: 63. Type species: Cerathyla bubalus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870, by subsequent designation of Myers and Carvalho, 1945, Bol. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, N.S., Zool., 35: 21. Synonymy by Noble, 1926, Am. Mus. Novit., 212: 19.

Ceratohyla — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 453. Unjustified emendation.

Common Names

Horned Treefrogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 53).

Horned Frogs (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 52).

Distribution

Panama; Pacific slopes of Colombia and northwestern Ecuador; upper Amazon Basin and Amazonian slopes and Andes in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Comment

For revision of the genus see Trueb, 1974, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 29: 1-60. Sheil, Mendelson, and Silva, 2001, Herpetologica, 57: 203-214, provided a phylogenetic analysis of the genus. Duellman, 2015, Marsupial Frogs, reviewed the genus as part of a family-wide revision. Subsequently, Castroviejo-Fisher, Padial, De la Riva, Pombal, Silva, Rojas-Runjaic, Medina-Méndez, and Frost, 2015, Zootaxa, 4004: 1–72, provided a phylogenetic analysis of the species and related genera and noted a number of unnamed species.

Contained taxa (9 sp.):

Hemiphractus bubalus (Jiménez de la Espada, 1870)

Hemiphractus elioti Hill, Martin, Stanley, and Mendelson, 2018

Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862

Hemiphractus helioi Sheil and Mendelson, 2001

Hemiphractus johnsoni (Noble, 1917)

Hemiphractus kaylockae Hill, Martin, Stanley, and Mendelson, 2018

Hemiphractus panamensis (Stejneger, 1917)

Hemiphractus proboscideus (Jiménez de la Espada, 1870)

Hemiphractus scutatus (Spix, 1824)

External links:

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