Pseudis paradoxa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Hylidae > Subfamily: Hylinae > Genus: Pseudis > Species: Pseudis paradoxa

Rana paradoxa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1: 212. Syntypes: By indication, animals figured by Seba, 1734, Locuplet. Rer. Nat. Thesaur. Descript. Icon. Exp. Univ. Phys. Hist., 1: pl. 78, and Merian, 1719, Surinaemsche Insecten: pl 71 ("Merian. Surin. 71. t. 71") as well as NHRM 144–148, according to Duellman, 1977, Das Tierreich, 95: 199. Type locality: "Surinami".

Rana piscatrix Fermin, 1765, Hist. Nat. Hollande Equinox.: 15. Type(s): Not designated nor known to exist. Type locality: "Hollande Equinoxiale" (= Suriname). Reported as a substitute name for Rana paradoxa Linnaeus, 1758, by Duellman, 1977, Das Tierreich, 95: 199; there is no mention of the latter in Fermin's publication (DRF). Synonymy by Duellman, 1977, Das Tierreich, 95: 199. Placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works by Opinion 660 (Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2012, Alytes, 28: 187–190).

Rana piscis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., Ed. 12, 1(1): 356. Substitute name for Rana paradoxa. Synonymy by Daudin, 1802 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 67.

Proteus raninus Laurenti, 1768, Spec. Med. Exhib. Synops. Rept.: 36. Type(s): By indication frogs illustrated by Seba, 1734, Locuplet. Rer. Nat. Thesaur. Descript. Icon. Exp. Univ. Phys. Hist., 1: pl. 78, and a plate (number not stipulated) in volume 2. as well as specimens referenced by Merian, 1705, Diss. Generat. Metamorph. Insect. Surinam.: 71. Type locality: "Surinami". Synonymy by Daudin, 1802 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 67; Schinz, 1822, Thierr. Naturgesch., 2: 164; Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 330; Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 5.

Rana jackia Bonnaterre, 1789, Tab. Encyclop. Method. Trois Reg. Nat., Erp.: 5. Type(s): Based on Linnaeus, 1764, Mus. Adophi Friderici, 2: 40 [which = Rana paradoxa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1: 212, according to Linnaeus, 1764]. Type locality: "Surinam". Presumably a substitute name for Rana paradoxa Linnaeus (DRF; Daudin, 1802 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 67, and Cuvier, 1816 "1817", Regne Animal., 2: 93, give the common name for Rana paradoxa as "La Jakie" and the latter cites Seba, 1734, Locuplet. Rer. Nat. Thesaur. Descript. Icon. Exp. Univ. Phys. Hist., 1: pl. 78, which includes an illustration of a Pseudis tadpole. Lacépède, 1788, Hist. Nat. Quadrup. Ovip. Serpens, 16mo ed., 2: 306, 458, considers "la Jackie" to be Rana paradoxa Linnaeus.) Synonymy by Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 330. Pseudis paradoxa—Wagler, 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph.: 203.

Pseudes paradoxa — Wiegmann, 1832, in Wiegmann and Ruthe (eds.), Handbuch der Zool., Amph.: 201. Leunis, 1844, Synops. Drei Naturr., Zool., Ed. 1: 146; Leunis, 1860, Synops. Drei Naturr., Zool., Ed. 2: 148.

Pseudis merianae Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 330. Syntypes: MNHNP 587, 4351, 4353, 4355–56, according to Guibé, 1950 "1948", Cat. Types Amph. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat.: 25, as well as animals illustrated by Seba, 1734, Locuplet. Rer. Nat. Thesaur. Descript. Icon. Exp. Univ. Phys. Hist., 1: pl. 78, figs. 15-21, and other illustrations and indications listed by Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 330. Type locality: "Surinam". A substitute name for Rana paradoxa Linnaeus, 1758. Synonymy by Troschel, 1848, in Schomburgk (ed.), Reisen Britisch-Guiana, 3: 659; Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 5. Published as a junior synonym of Rana paradoxa Linnaeus, 1758, and therefore unavailable under Art. 1.6.1 (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature—1999).

Batrachythys paradoxa — Pizarro, 1876, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 1: 34.

Pseudis paradoxus — Savage and Carvalho, 1953, Zoologica, New York, 38: 193–200.

Pseudis paradoxus paradoxus — Gallardo, 1961, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 125: 114.

Pseudis paradoxus caribensis Gallardo, 1961, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 125: 116. Holotype: MCZ 19890, by original designation. Type locality: "Mayaro Bay, Trinidad, B.W.I."

Pseudus paradoxus occidentalis Gallardo, 1961, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 125: 122. Holotype: MCZ 29961, by original designation. Type locality: "El Pailón, [Departamento Santa Cruz,] Bolivia". Synonymy with Pseudis platensis by Aguiar, Bacci, Lima, Rossa-Feres, Haddad, and Recco-Pimentel, 2007, Cladistics, 23: 460; with Pseudis paradoxa by Caballero-Gini, Brusquetti, Bueno-Villafañe, Quinteros-Muñoz, Jairam, Rodrigues, Haddad, Fernández Ríos, and Baldo, 2024, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 202: 10. 

Pseudis paradoxus nicefori Cochran and Goin, 1970, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 288: 89. Holotype: MHNLS 443, by original designation. "Montería, [Departament of] Córdoba, Colombia".

Pseudis paradoxa caribensis — Murphy, 1997, Amph. Rept. Trinidad Tobago: 95.

Common Names

Paradoxical Frog (Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3(1): 120; Wood, 1863, Illust. Nat. Hist., 3: 152; Cochran, 1961, Living Amph. World: 146).

Jackie (Cuvier, 1831, Animal Kingdom (M'Murtrie), 2: 79).

Jacky (Anonymous, 1837, Synops. Contents Brit. Mus., Ed. 32: 23).

Proteus Frog (Barnes, 1826, Am. J. Sci. Arts, 11: 275).

Paradox Frog (common usage; Hedges, Powell, Henderson, Hanson, and Murphy, 2019, Caribb. Herpetol., 67: 14). 

Swimming Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 97).

Distribution

Lower Río Magdalena Valley as well as Arauca and Meta in Colombia; Guianas from northeastern Venezuela east through Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana to the mouth of the Amazon, thence west in the Amazon Valley to northern Bolivia and southeastern Peru; Trinidad.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela

Comment

Six subspecies were recognized by Gallardo, 1961, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 125: 111–134; an isolated population in lower Río Magdalena Valley, Colombia was recognized as a seventh subspecies by Cochran and Goin, 1970, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 288: 89. (Three of these taxa, Pseudis paradoxa fusca, Pseudis paradoxa bolbodactyla, and Pseudis paradoxa platensis, subsequently were considered distinct species.) See Duellman and Salas, 1991, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 143: 5, and Morales and Chandler, 1992, Caribb. J. Sci., 28: 224–226, for Peru records. De la Riva, Köhler, Lötters, and Reichle, 2000, Rev. Esp. Herpetol., 14: 52, discussed subspecific variation in Bolivia (presumably also including Pseudis platensis). Lescure and Marty, 2000, Collect. Patrimoines Nat., Paris, 45: 284–285, provided a photo and brief account for French Guiana. Kenny, 1969, Stud. Fauna Curaçao and other Caribb. Is., 29: 63–66, and Murphy, 1997, Amph. Rept. Trinidad Tobago: 95–96, provided brief account for Trinidad. Gorzula and Señaris, 1999 "1998", Scient. Guaianae, 8: 85, commented on range in Venezuela. Duellman, 2005, Cusco Amazonico: 261–262, provided an account (adult and larval morphology, description of the call, life history). Rojas-Runjaic, Barros-Blanco, and Infante-Rivero, 2005, Herpetol. Rev., 36: 334, provided a record for Trujillo (state) in Venezuela and briefly discussed the range. Lynch and Suárez-Mayorga, 2011, Caldasia, 33: 235–270, illustrated the tadpole and included the species in a key to the tadpoles of Amazonian Colombia. See account for Suriname population by Ouboter and Jairam, 2012, Amph. Suriname: 170–173. Vera Candioti, 2007, Zootaxa, 1600: 1–175, reported on detailed larval morphology. Garda, Santana, and São Pedro, 2010, Zootaxa, 2666: 1–28, reported on morphology, morphometrics, and range of the species, including a dot map. See Cole, Townsend, Reynolds, MacCulloch, and Lathrop, 2013, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 125: 414–415, for brief account and records for Guyana. Schulze, Jansen, and Köhler, 2015, Zootaxa, 4016: 42–44, described, diagnosed, and pictured the larva. See Barrio-Amorós, Rojas-Runjaic, and Señaris, 2019, Amph. Rept. Conserv., 13 (1: e180): 81–82, for comments on range, systematics, and literature. Pérez-Granados, Schuchmann, and Marques, 2020, Zootaxa, 4768: 239–248, reported on call structure in comparison with Pseudis platensis. Señaris and Rojas-Runjaic, 2020, in Rull and Carnaval (eds.), Neotrop. Divers. Patterns Process.: 571–632, commented on range and conservation status in the Venezuelan Guayana. Rossa-Feres and Nomura, 2006 "2005", Biota Neotrop., São Paulo, 6 (2: bn00706012006): 1–24, characterized and provided a key to the larvae of northwestern São Paulo state, Brazil. Cruz-Rodríguez, Lynch, Cárdenas, and Caicedo-Portilla, 2021, Zootaxa, 4965: 267, pictured the holotype of Pseudis paradoxa nicefori in the MLS. Taucce, Costa-Campos, Carvalho, and Michalski, 2022, Eur. J. Taxon., 836: 96–130, reported on distribution, literature, and conservation status for Amapá, Brazil. Schiesari, Rossa-Feres, Menin, and Hödl, 2022, Zootaxa, 5223: 66–32, detailed larval a morphology and natural history. Caballero-Gini, Brusquetti, Bueno-Villafañe, Quinteros-Muñoz, Jairam, Rodrigues, Haddad, Fernández Ríos, and Baldo, 2024, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 202: 1–13, reported on molecular phylogenetics, placed this species in their Pseudis paradoxa clade, and provided a polygon range map.        

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