Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Pseudis Wagler, 1830

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Hylidae > Subfamily: Hylinae > Genus: Pseudis

7 species

Pseudis Wagler, 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph.: 203. Type species: Rana paradoxa Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy.

Pseudes — Leunis, 1860, Synops. Drei Naturr., Zool., Ed. 2: 148. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Podonectes Steindachner, 1864, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 14: 262. Type species: Podonectes palmatus Fitzinger, 1864, by monotypy. Name coined as a synonym of Pseudis, and therefore unavailable, and attributed to Fitzinger. See comment under Podonectes palmatus Steindachner. Batrachychthys Pizarro, 1876, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 1: 34. Type species: Not designated; based on larvae of Pseudis paradoxa (Linnaeus, 1758), according to Caramaschi and Cruz, 1998, Rev. Brasil. Zool., 15: 929-944. Provisional synonymy with Pseudis by Garman, 1877, Am. Nat., 11: 588; O'Shaughnessy, 1879, Zool. Rec., 14: 11.

Batrachychthis Pizarro, 1876, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 1: 31. Synonymy by Garman, 1877, Am. Nat., 11: 587.

Batrachichthys — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 185. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Common Names

Swimming Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 97).

Robust South American Swimming Frogs (Hedges, Powell, Henderson, Hanson, and Murphy, 2019, Caribb. Herpetol., 67: 14).

Distribution

Guianas, northeastern Venezuela (and expected in southeastern Venezuela), Trinidad, and southern Brazil, Paraguay, southeastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, northeastern Argentina, and Uruguay.

Comment

For discussion see Savage and Carvalho, 1953, Zoologica, New York, 38: 193-200, and Gallardo, 1961, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 125: 111-134. In the Dendropsophini of Faivovich, Haddad, Garcia, Frost, Campbell, and Wheeler, 2005, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 294: 93. Alcalde and Barg, 2006, Acta Zool., Stockholm, 87: 91-100, discussed the larval synapomorphies of Pseudis + Lysapsus. Garda and Cannatella, 2007, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 44: 104-114, discussed the mtDNA sequence phylogenetics of Pseudis + Lysapsus and found Pseudis to be paraphyletic with respect to Lysapsus and resurrected the name Podonectes Steindachner for Pseudis minutus and Pseudis cardosoi. Unfortunately, for arcane nomenclatural reasons, Podonectes and Podonectes palmatus are unavailable by reason of being names as synonyms of, respectively, Pseudis and Pseudis minutus. At the time of their writing Savage and Carvalho, 1953, Zoologica, New York, 38: 193-200, regarded Podonectes and Podonectes palmatus as available but they did not treat either as a valid name of a taxon, except to note that Fitzinger's specimens of Podonectes palmatus were actually of the same biological entity as Lysapsus limellus. They therefore did not validate either Podonectes or Podonectes palmatus for purposes of nomenclature and they remain unavailable. For discussion of former Lysapsus see Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 422-425, and Klappenbach, 1985, Comun. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, 11: 1-23, who considered all of the subspecies recognized by Gallardo as distinct species, with the exception of Lysapsus limellus bolivianus, which Klappenbach regarded as a likely subspecies of Lysapsus laevis. Aguiar, Bacci, Lima, Rossa-Feres, Haddad, and Recco-Pimentel, 2007, Cladistics, 23: 455-463, subsequently regarded Lysapsus as a junior synonym of Pseudis, thereby obviating the nomenclatural problem extending from the use of Podonectes. Busin, Andrade, Bertolda, Del Grande, Uetanabaro, and Recco-Pimentel, 2008, Genetica, 133: 119-127, reported on karyological evolution. Wiens, Kuczynski, Hua, and Moen, 2010, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 5555: 871-882, did not find former Pseudis paraphyletic with respect to Lysapsus and suggested that the synonymy of Lysapsus with Pseudis is unnecessary. Garda, Santana, and São Pedro, 2010, Zootaxa, 2666: 1-28, reported on morphometrics and ranges of the species, and removed Lysapsus from Pseudis on the basis of evidence presented by Wiens et al., 2010. Turazzini and Gómez, 2023, Zool. Anz., 303: 47–70, reported on osteology of Lysapsus and Pseudis, with special reference to synapomorphies of groups within and shared by these taxa.

Contained taxa (7 sp.):

Pseudis bolbodactyla Lutz, 1925

Pseudis cardosoi Kwet, 2000

Pseudis fusca Garman, 1883

Pseudis minuta Günther, 1858

Pseudis paradoxa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Pseudis platensis Gallardo, 1961

Pseudis tocantins Caramaschi and Cruz, 1998

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