Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Pleurodema Tschudi, 1838

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Leptodactylidae > Subfamily: Leiuperinae > Genus: Pleurodema

15 species

Pleurodema Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 47, 84. Type species: Pleurodema bibroni Tschudi, 1838, by monotypy.

Leiuperus Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 420. Type species: Leiuperus marmoratus Duméril and Bibron, 1841, by monotypy. Synonymy by Parker, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 20: 465; Lynch, 1971, Misc. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 53: 172.

Chianopelas Tschudi, 1845, Arch. Naturgesch., 11: 168. Type species: Not designated, although restricted to either Chianopelis viridis Tschudi, 1845, or Chianopelis maculatus Tschud, 1845. Type locality: "Republica Peruana". Substitute name coined as a junior synonym of Leiuperus marmoratus Duméril and Bibron, 1841. Synonymy by virtue of being coined as a synonym of Leiuperus Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 420, and the species names associated by Tschudi still residing within nominal Leiuperus.

Liyperus Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. Zool., Fasc. 12: 214. Unjustified emendaiton of Leiuperus Duméril and Bibron, 1841.

Physodes Jan, 1857, Cenni Mus. Civ. Milano: 52. Type species: Physodes albiventris Jan, 1857, by monotypy. Nomen nudum attributed to Fitzinger and Tschudi, presumably label names. See discussion and synonymy by Blackburn and Scali, 2014, Herpetol. Monogr., 28: 40.

Eupomplyx Jan, 1857, Cenni Mus. Civ. Milano: 54. Type species: Eupomplyx marmoratus Jan, 1857m by monotypy. Nomen nudum attributed to Tschudi and Fitzinger, presumably on the basis of jar label names. Placement in this synonymy on the basis of similarity of spelling with Eupemphix Steindachner, 1863.

Hyobates Jan, 1857, Cenni Mus. Civ. Milano: 52. Type species: Hyobates fuscomaculatusJan, 1857. Nomen nudum, likely in this synonymy (DRF), attributed to Tschudi and Fitzinger, presumably from jar labels.

Iliobates Steindachner, 1867, Reise Österreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool., Amph.: 12. MS name of Fitzinger from jar labels given by Steindachner as a synonym in account of Gomphobates fuscomaculatus.

Lystris Cope, 1869 "1868", Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 20: 312. Type species: Lystris brachyops Cope, 1868, by subsequent designation of Dunn and Dunn, 1940, Copeia, 1940: 72. Synonymy with Palidicola (in the sense of including Pleurodema) by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 229.

Lihyperus — O'Shaughnessy, 1875, Zool. Rec., 10: 95. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Peralaimos Jiménez de la Espada, 1875, Vert. Viaje Pacif. Verif. 1862–1865: 163. Type species: Bufo stentor Jiménez de la Espada, 1872, by monotypy. Synonymy with Eupemphix by Kellogg, 1932, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 160: 77.

Somuncuria Lynch, 1978, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 72: 16. Type species: Telmatobius somuncurensis Cei, 1969, by original designation. Synonymy by Faivovich, Basso, Haddad, Rodrigues, Wheeler, Lavilla, and Ferraro, 2012, Cladistics, 28: 467.

Common Names

Four-eyed Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 84; Hedges, Powell, Henderson, Hanson, and Murphy, 2019, Caribb. Herpetol., 67: 14).

El Rincon Stream Frogs (Somuncuria [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 84).

Distribution

South America.

Comment

Duellman and Veloso, 1977, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 64: 1–46, discussed phylogeny within the genus. Argentinian species reviewed by Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 361–384, who arranged species groups for them. McLister, Lougheed, and Bogart, 1991, Canad. J. Zool., 69: 2397–2403, reported on genetic differentiation of Pleurodema tucumanum, Pleurodema cinereum, and Pleurodema borellii. Under Article 30.1.2.a of the 1999 Code requires that Pleurodema (side-band) retain its Greek gender, which is neuter (DRF). Ferraro and Casagranda, 2009, Zootaxa, 2024: 33–55, detailed species' ranges in Argentina. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, suggested that Pleurodema is monophyletic and provided a tree of exemplar species. Faivovich, Basso, Haddad, Rodrigues, Wheeler, Lavilla, and Ferraro, 2012, Cladistics, 28: 460–482, reported on the molecular phylogenetics of the group. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 207, placed Somuncuria provisionally in Leptodactylidae due to its likely relationship to Pleurodema (Lynch, 1978, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 72: 16). Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 299: 154, partitioned Leptodactylidae and placed Somuncuria (and Pleurodema) in Leiuperidae. Grosso, Baldo, Cardozo, Kolenc, Borteiro, Oliveira, Bonino, Barrasso, and Vera Candioti, 2019, PLoS One, 14(6: e0218733): 1–37, reported on the phylogenetics and ontogenetics of early larval development in the genus. Grosso, Baldo, Cardozo, Kolenc, Borteiro, Oliveira, Bonino, Barrasso, and Vera Candioti, 2019, PLoS One, 14(6: e0218733): 1–37, reported on the phylogenetics and ontogenetics of early larval development in the genus. Ferraro, 2022, Cladistics, 38: 301–319, provided a cladogram based on reproductive, behavioral, and morphological characters, and recognized several subclades, the (1) Pleurodema brachyops Clade (Pleurodema alium, Pleurodemaborellii, Pleurodema brachyops, Pleurodema cinereum, Pleurodema diplolister, and Pleurodema tucumanum), the (2) Pleurodema nebulosum Clade (Pleurodema guayapae + Pleurodema nebulosum), (3) Pleurodema marmoratum, (4) Pleurodema thaul Clade (Pleurodema bufoninum, Pleurodema somuncurense, Pleurodema thaul) and the (5) Pleurodema bibroni Clade (Pleurodema bibroni, Pleurodema cordobae, Pleurodema kriegi).

Contained taxa (15 sp.):

Pleurodema alium Maciel and Nunes, 2010

Pleurodema bibroni Tschudi, 1838

Pleurodema borellii (Peracca, 1895)

Pleurodema brachyops (Cope, 1869)

Pleurodema bufoninum Bell, 1843

Pleurodema cinereum Cope, 1878

Pleurodema cordobae Valetti, Salas, and Martino, 2009

Pleurodema diplolister (Peters, 1870)

Pleurodema guayapae Barrio, 1964

Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926)

Pleurodema marmoratum (Duméril and Bibron, 1840)

Pleurodema nebulosum (Burmeister, 1861)

Pleurodema somuncurense (Cei, 1969)

Pleurodema thaul (Schneider, 1799)

Pleurodema tucumanum Parker, 1927

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