Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Pleurodema marmoratum (Duméril and Bibron, 1840)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Leptodactylidae > Subfamily: Leiuperinae > Genus: Pleurodema > Species: Pleurodema marmoratum

Leiuperus marmoratus Duméril and Bibron, 1840, Preprint Pl. 13, Voy. Am. Merid. 1826–1833: Pl. 13, fig. 1-4; Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 421. Syntypes: MNHNP 760 (2 specimens), according to Guibé, 1950 "1948", Cat. Types Amph. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat.: 31; MNHNP 760b regarded as holotype by Lescure, Bour, Ineich, Ohler, and Ortiz, 2002, C. R. Palevol, Paris, 1: 531. Type locality: Not stated; given as "L’Amerique du Sud . . . Potosi" [presumably Bolivia] by Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 421. Given as "Potosí, Bolivia" by Cei, 1962, Batr. Chile: 102. Original publication discussed byLescure, Bour, Ineich, Ohler, and Ortiz, 2002, C. R. Palevol, Paris, 1: 527–532.

Chianopelas maculatus Tschudi, 1845, Arch. Naturgesch., 11: 168. Types: Not designated, presumably MHNN. Type locality: "Republica Peruana". Substitute name coined as a junior synonym of Leiuperus marmoratus Duméril and Bibron, 1841.

Leiuperus viridis Tschudi, 1845, Arch. Naturgesch., 11: 168. Types: Not designated, although presumably MHNN. Type locality: "Republica Peruana"; given as "Altos von Tuctu auf einer Höhe von beinahe 16000 Fuss ü. M. gefunden", Peru, by Tschudi, 1846 "1845", Untersuch. Fauna Peruana, Herpetol.: 70 Synonymy by Peters, 1873, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1873: 623.

Chianopelas viridis — Tschudi, 1845, Arch. Naturgesch., 11: 168. Alternative name.

Chionopelas fuscus Tschudi, 1846 "1845", Untersuch. Fauna Peruana, Herpetol.: 70. Substitute name for Leiuperus viridis Tschudi, 1845.

Leiuperus sagittifer Schmidt, 1857, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 24: 10. Holotype: Originally in in KM; NHMW 16516 according to Savage, 1970, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 38: 273-288 (who did not locate it); subsequently listed as a syntype by Häupl and Tiedemann, 1978, Kat. Wiss. Samml. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 2: 23, and Häupl, Tiedemann, and Grillitsch, 1994, Kat. Wiss. Samml. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 9: 27. Type locality: "Neu Granada". Synonymy by XXX. (after Parker, 1927).

Paludicola marmorata — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 235.

Paludicola sagittifera — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 236.

Paludicola sagittifer — Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 512; Cochran and Goin, 1970, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 288: 486-488.

Pleurodema marmorata — Parker, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 20: 475.

Pleurodema sagittifer — Parker, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 20: 475.

Pleurodema marmorata marmorata — Vellard, 1960, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Javier Prado, 10: 10.

Pleurodema marmorata infuscata Vellard, 1960, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Javier Prado, 10: 10. Syntypes: deposition not noted, but in MUSM (many specimens); MUSM 1540 designated lectotype by Morales, Carrillo, and Ortega, 1990, Publ. Mus. Hist. Nat. Univ. Nac. Mayor San Marcos, 33: 3. Type localities: "La Viuda, 4,750 metros" Vellard Nos. 133-138), "Huayllay, 4,350 metros" (Vellard No. 285), "San Jose de Huaron, 4,400 metros" (Vellard No. 143), as well as specimens from "laguna de Huaroncocha, 4,500 metro; Huarón, 4,250 metros y Huayllay", Peru.

Pleurodema marmorata viridis — Vellard, 1960, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Javier Prado, 10: 10.

Pleurodema marmoratum — Duellman, 1993, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 21: 128; De la Riva and Gonzales-Álvarez, 1998, Alytes, 16: 68. Justified emendation.

Phrynopus spectabilis Duellman, 2000, Herpetologica, 56: 279. Holotype: UF 103995, by original designation. Type locality: "12 km S of Catac (09° 53′ S, 77° 24′ W, 3850 m), Provincia Recuay, Departamento Ancash, Peru". Synonymy by Lehr, 2006, Herpetologica, 62: 342.

Common Names

Marbled Four-eyed Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 84).

Distribution

Andean central Peru through Andean Bolivia and northeastern Chile (Parinacota, Región of Arica and Parinacota, to Coska, Antofagosta) to adjacent extreme northern Argentina, 3920–4480 m elevation.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru

Comment

See account by Cei, 1962, Batr. Chile: 102-103. Sinsch, 1986, Bol. Lima, 8 (45): 23–33, characterized adults and larvae. Sallaberry-Ayerza, Pastenes-O., Correa-Quezada, and Méndez-Torres, 2007, Herpetol. Rev., 38: 349, provided a range extension in Chile. See map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status (as nominal Phrynopus spectabilis) in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 408. Ferraro and Casagranda, 2009, Zootaxa, 2024: 33-55, provided a detailed discussion of range in Argentina. See Lobos, Vidal-Maldonado, Correa-Quezada, Labra-Lillo, Díaz-Páez, Charrier, Rabanal, Díaz-Vidal, and Tala, 2013, Anf. Chile Conserv. 1–104, for photograph, comments on conservation status, and range. Fibla, Cruz-Jofré, Sallaberry-Ayerza, Méndez, and Pastenes-O., 2020, Herpetozoa, Wien, 33: 1–5, discussed and mapped the range in the Chilean altiplano.

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