Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Xenophrys monticola Günther, 1864

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Megophryidae > Subfamily: Megophryinae > Genus: Xenophrys > Species: Xenophrys monticola

Xenophrys monticola Günther, 1864, Rept. Brit. India: 414. Syntypes: 2 specimens, BMNH 1947.2.25.13 (formerly 1860.3.19.1336) from Sikkim and 1853.8.12.52 from Khasya. BMNH 1947.2.25.13 (1860.3.19.1336) designated lectotype by Mahony, Foley, Biju, and Teeling, 2017, Mol. Biol. Evol., 34: 755; BMNH 1853.8.12.52 from "Khassia" subsequently and invalidly designated lectotype by Deuti, Grosjean, Nicolas, Vasudevan, and Ohler, 2017, Alytes, 34: 28. Type locality: "Sikkim and from Khasya [= Khasi Hills, India]"; restricted to Sikkim by lectotype designation. Suppressed for purposes of Principle of Priority (when considered a senior synonym of Leptobrachium parvum Boulenger, 1893) but not Principle of Homonymy by action of Opinion 1763, Anonymous, 1994, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 51: 84–85. See discussion by Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018, Zootaxa, 4523: 26, and Dubois, 1989 "1988", Alytes, 7: 97–100.

Xenophrys monticola — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 441.

Leptobrachium monticola — Boulenger, 1889, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, Ser. 2, 27: 748–750.

Xenophrys sanu Deuti, Grosjean, Nicolas, Vasudevan, and Ohler, 2017, Alytes, 34: 28. Holotype: ZSI A 11392, by original designation. Type locality: "Latpancher, Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India". Synonymy by Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018, Zootaxa, 4523: 30.

Xenophrys katabhako Deuti, Grosjean, Nicolas, Vasudevan, and Ohler, 2017, Alytes, 34: 35. Holotype: ZSI A 11401, by original designation. Type locality: "Kabi, North district, Sikkim, India". Synonymy by Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018, Zootaxa, 4523: 29.

Megophrys sanu — Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018, Zootaxa, 4523: 5.

Megophrys katabhako — Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018, Zootaxa, 4523: 5.

Megophrys (Xenophrys) monticola — Mahony, Foley, Biju, and Teeling, 2017, Mol. Biol. Evol., 34: 755. See comment.

Megophrys monticola — Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018, Zootaxa, 4523: 16.

Common Names

Mountain Horned Frog (As Xenophrys parva, now restricted to Myanmar and points east: Ahmed, Das, and Dutta, 2009, Amph. Rept. NE India: 29).

Mountain Horned Frog (Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Deepak, and Kulkarni, 2023, Fauna India Checklist, vers. 5.0 : 6).

Distribution

880–2220 m elevation in Darjeeling District of West Bengal and Sikkim (India), and Nepal (possibly confused with Megophrys zhangi in eastern and central Nepal), and likely into Bhutan.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: India, Nepal

Comment

Removed from the synonymy of Megophrys parva by Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018, Zootaxa, 4523: 16, based on it distance from that species in their molecular tree, and who provided an account, noting a substantial number of misidentifications in the literature, and noted that this species is part of the Megophrys major group. As noted by these authors most subsequent reports of Megophrys monticola sensu stricto, in the literature were under the name Megophrys parva (e.g., Anders, 2002, in Schleich and Kästle (eds.), Amph. Rept. Nepal: 164–167 (who provided an extensive account for Nepalese population); Boulenger, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908: 419; Bourret, 1942, Batr. Indochine: 203; Chanda, 2002, Handb. Indian Amph.: 11 (provided a brief account for the Indian population); Dutta, 1997, Amph. India Sri Lanka: 38; Subba, Aravind, and Ravikanth, 2016, Check List, 13(1: 2033): 8–9 (who provided a record from Sikkim, India). In the Xenophrys major group of Lyu, Zeng, Wang, Liu, Huang, Li, and Wang, 2021, Zootaxa, 4927: 9–40. Khatiwada, Wang, Zhao, Xie, and Jiang, 2021, Asian Herpetol. Res., 12: 1–35, discussed the genetics of the species in Nepal. In the Xenophrys major group of Lyu, Qi, Wang, Zhang, Zhao, Zeng, Wan, Yang, Mo, and Wang, 2023, Zool. Res., Kunming, 44: 380–450.

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