Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Xenophrys Günther, 1864

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Megophryidae > Subfamily: Megophryinae > Genus: Xenophrys

31 species

Xenophrys Günther, 1864, Rept. Brit. India: 414. Type species: Xenophrys monticola Günther, 1864, by monotypy.

Xenophrys — Khonsue and Thirakhupt, 2001, Nat. Hist. J. Chulalongkorn Univ., 1: 75; Ohler, 2003, Alytes, 21: 23; Chen, Zhou, Poyarkov, Stuart, Brown, Lathrop, Wang, Yuan, Jiang, Hou, Chen, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Duong, Papenfuss, Murphy, Zhang, and Che, 2017, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 106: 42. Treatment as a genus.

Liuophrys Fei, Ye, and Jiang in Fei and Ye, 2016, Amph. China, 1 : 614. Type species: Megophrys glandulosa Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990.

Grillitschia Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 133. Type species: Megophrys longipes Boulenger, 1885.

English Names

Strange-horned Toad (Qi, Lyu, Wang, Mo, Zeng, Zeng, Dai, Li, Grismer, and Wang, 2021, Zootaxa, 5072: 430).

Distribution

Nepal and Bhutan as well as southeastern Xizang (China) easter through northern Bangladesh, northeastern India and adjacent Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, northern Vietnam, Cambodia, and southern China (north to Hunan, east to Jiangxi and south to Yunnan and Guangdong), and south to peninsular Malaysia.

Comment

See comments under Megophryidae and Megophrys. Khonsue and Thirakhupt, 2001, Nat. Hist. J. Chulalongkorn Univ., 1: 75, Ohler, 2003, Alytes, 21: 23, and Delorme, Dubois, Grosjean, and Ohler, 2006, Alytes, 24: 6–21, had recognized Xenophrys but the earlier concept was shown by Li, Guo, and Wang, 2011, Curr. Zool., Chengdu, 57: 93–100, to be strongly paraphyletic. Chen, Zhou, Poyarkov, Stuart, Brown, Lathrop, Wang, Yuan, Jiang, Hou, Chen, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Duong, Papenfuss, Murphy, Zhang, and Che, 2017, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 106: 28–43, provided a detailed molecular study of phylogeny which resulted in the recognition of a monophyletic Xenophrys. Lyu, Zeng, Wang, Liu, Huang, Li, and Wang, 2021, Zootaxa, 4927: 9–40, provided the phylogenetic work to recognize the genus and recognized three species groups (Xenophrys aceras group, Xenophrys major group, Xenophrys megacephala group, and Xenophrys vegrandis group), noted in the species records. These groups were also reported and expanded upon by Qi, Lyu, Wang, Mo, Zeng, Zeng, Dai, Li, Grismer, and Wang, 2021, Zootaxa, 5072: 430, who summarized them thusly:

Xenophrys aceras group: Xenophrys aceras and Xenophrys longipes.

Xenophrys lekaguli group: Xenophrys lekaguli, Xenophrys parva, and Xenophrys takensis.

Xenophrys megacephala group: Xenophrys ancrae, Xenophrys awuh, Xenophrys dzukou, Xenophrys megacephala, Xenophrys numhbumaeng, Xenophrys oropedion, Xenophrys serchhipii, and Xenophrys zunhebotoensis.

Xenophrys major group: Xenophrys flavipunctata, Xenophrys glandulosa, Xenophrys himalayana, Xenophrys major, Xenophrys mangshanensis, Xenophrys maosonensis, Xenophrys medogensis, Xenophrys monticola, Xenophrys oreocrypta, Xenophrys periosa, Xenophrys robusta, and Xenophrys zhangi.

Xenophrys vegrandis group: Xenophrys vegrandis, Xenophrys yeae, and Xenophrys zhoui.

Unassigned to group: Xenophrys auralensis, Xenophrys damrei, and Xenophrys pachyproctus.

Contained taxa (31 sp.):

Xenophrys aceras (Boulenger, 1903)

Xenophrys ancrae (Mahony, Teeling, and Biju, 2013)

Xenophrys auralensis (Ohler, Swan, and Daltry, 2002)

Xenophrys awuh (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020)

Xenophrys damrei (Mahony, 2011)

Xenophrys dzukou (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020)

Xenophrys flavipunctata (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018)

Xenophrys glandulosa (Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990)

Xenophrys himalayana (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018)

Xenophrys lekaguli (Stuart, Chuaynkern, Chan-ard, and Inger, 2006)

Xenophrys longipes (Boulenger, 1886)

Xenophrys major (Boulenger, 1908)

Xenophrys mangshanensis (Fei and Ye, 1990)

Xenophrys maosonensis (Bourret, 1937)

Xenophrys medogensis (Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1983)

Xenophrys megacephala (Mahony, Sengupta, Kamei, and Biju, 2011)

Xenophrys monticola Günther, 1864

Xenophrys numhbumaeng (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020)

Xenophrys oreocrypta (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018)

Xenophrys oropedion (Mahony, Teeling, and Biju, 2013)

Xenophrys pachyproctus (Huang, 1981)

Xenophrys periosa (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018)

Xenophrys robusta (Boulenger, 1908)

Xenophrys serchhipii Mathew and Sen, 2007

Xenophrys takensis (Mahony, 2011)

Xenophrys truongsonensis Luong, Hoang, Pham, Nguyen, Orlov, Ziegler, and Nguyen, 2022

Xenophrys vegrandis (Mahony, Teeling, Biju, 2013)

Xenophrys yeae (Shi, Zhang, Xie, Jiang, Liu, Ding, Luan, and Wang, 2020)

Xenophrys zhangi (Ye and Fei, 1992)

Xenophrys zhoui (Shi, Zhang, Xie, Jiang, Liu, Ding, Luan, and Wang, 2020)

Xenophrys zunhebotoensis Mathew and Sen, 2007

External links:

Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.

For additional sources of information from other sites search Google
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank