Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Xenophrys Günther, 1864

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Megophryidae > Subfamily: Megophryinae > Genus: Xenophrys

28 species

Xenophrys Günther, 1864, Rept. Brit. India: 414. Type species: Xenophrys monticola Günther, 1864, by monotypy.

Xenophrys — Khonsue and Thirakhupt, 2001, Nat. Hist. J. Chulalongkorn Univ., 1: 75; Ohler, 2003, Alytes, 21: 23; Chen, Zhou, Poyarkov, Stuart, Brown, Lathrop, Wang, Yuan, Jiang, Hou, Chen, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Duong, Papenfuss, Murphy, Zhang, and Che, 2017, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 106: 42. Treatment as a genus.

Liuophrys Fei, Ye, and Jiang in Fei and Ye, 2016, Amph. China, 1 : 614. Type species: Megophrys glandulosa Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990. Synonymy by Chen, Zhou, Poyarkov, Stuart, Brown, Lathrop, Wang, Yuan, Jiang, Hou, Chen, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Duong, Papenfuss, Murphy, Zhang, and Che, 2017, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 106: 41; Lyu, Zeng, Wang, Liu, Huang, Li, and Wang, 2021, Zootaxa, 4927: 39.

English Names

Strange-horned Toads (Qi, Lyu, Wang, Mo, Zeng, Zeng, Dai, Li, Grismer, and Wang, 2021, Zootaxa, 5072: 430).

Distribution

Tropical mainland South, Southeast, and East Asia, including Nepal, Bhutan, northeastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and southern China (Xizang, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, and Jiangxi).

Comment

See comments under Megophryidae and Megophrys. Khonsue and Thirakhupt, 2001, Nat. Hist. J. Chulalongkorn Univ., 1: 75, Ohler, 2003, Alytes, 21: 23, and Delorme, Dubois, Grosjean, and Ohler, 2006, Alytes, 24: 6–21, had recognized Xenophrys but the earlier concept was shown by Li, Guo, and Wang, 2011, Curr. Zool., Chengdu, 57: 93–100, to be strongly paraphyletic. Mahony, Foley, Biju, and Teeling, 2017, Mol. Biol. Evol., 34: 744–771, reported on the molecular phylogenetics of Megophryinae, recognizing five monophyletic species groups within Xenophrys: (1) Xenophrys aceras group [now the genus Grillitschia]; (2) Xenophrys lekaguli group [now Jingophrys]; (3) Xenophrys megacephala group; (4) Xenophrys major group; and (5) Xenophrys vegrandis group. Chen, Zhou, Poyarkov, Stuart, Brown, Lathrop, Wang, Yuan, Jiang, Hou, Chen, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Duong, Papenfuss, Murphy, Zhang, and Che, 2017, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 106: 28–43, provided a detailed molecular study of phylogeny and also recognized a monophyletic Xenophrys. Lyu, Zeng, Wang, Liu, Huang, Li, and Wang, 2021, Zootaxa, 4927: 9–40, also provided an molecular phylogenetic tree. The species groups of Mahony et al (2017) were reported and additional species included by Qi, Lyu, Wang, Mo, Zeng, Zeng, Dai, Li, Grismer, and Wang, 2021, Zootaxa, 5072: 430, who recognized and augmented the species groups of Mahony et al. (2017): (1) Xenophrys aceras group (Xenophrys aceras and Xenophrys longipes) [now Grillitschia]; (2) Xenophrys lekaguli group (Xenophrys lekaguli, Xenophrys parva, and Xenophrys takensis) [now Jingophrys]; (3) Xenophrys megacephala group (Xenophrys ancrae, Xenophrys awuh, Xenophrys dzukou, Xenophrys megacephala, Xenophrys numhbumaeng, Xenophrys oropedion, Xenophrys serchhipii, and Xenophrys zunhebotoensis); (4) Xenophrys major group (Xenophrys flavipunctata, Xenophrys glandulosa, Xenophrys himalayana, Xenophrys major, Xenophrys mangshanensis, Xenophrys maosonensis, Xenophrys medogensis, Xenophrys monticola, Xenophrys oreocrypta, Xenophrys periosa, Xenophrys robusta, and Xenophrys zhangi); and (5) Xenophrys vegrandis group (Xenophrys vegrandis, Xenophrys yeae, and Xenophrys zhoui). Xenophrys auralensis, Xenophrys damrei, and Xenophrys pachyproctus were unassigned to species group. Lyu, Qi, Wang, Zhang, Zhao, Zeng, Wan, Yang, Mo, and Wang, 2023, Zool. Res., Kunming, 44: 380–450, provided an identification key and accounts for the Chinese species.

Contained taxa (28 sp.):

Xenophrys ancrae (Mahony, Teeling, and Biju, 2013)

Xenophrys auralensis (Ohler, Swan, and Daltry, 2002)

Xenophrys awuh (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020)

Xenophrys damrei (Mahony, 2011)

Xenophrys dehongensis Lyu and Wang, 2023

Xenophrys dzukou (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020)

Xenophrys flavipunctata (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018)

Xenophrys glandulosa (Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990)

Xenophrys himalayana (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018)

Xenophrys lancangica Lyu, Wang, and Wang, 2023

Xenophrys lekaguli (Stuart, Chuaynkern, Chan-ard, and Inger, 2006)

Xenophrys major (Boulenger, 1908)

Xenophrys mangshanensis (Fei and Ye, 1990)

Xenophrys maosonensis (Bourret, 1937)

Xenophrys medogensis (Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1983)

Xenophrys megacephala (Mahony, Sengupta, Kamei, and Biju, 2011)

Xenophrys monticola Günther, 1864

Xenophrys numhbumaeng (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020)

Xenophrys oreocrypta (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018)

Xenophrys oropedion (Mahony, Teeling, and Biju, 2013)

Xenophrys parva (Boulenger, 1893)

Xenophrys periosa (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018)

Xenophrys robusta (Boulenger, 1908)

Xenophrys serchhipii Mathew and Sen, 2007

Xenophrys takensis (Mahony, 2011)

Xenophrys truongsonensis Luong, Hoang, Pham, Nguyen, Orlov, Ziegler, and Nguyen, 2022

Xenophrys zhangi (Ye and Fei, 1992)

Xenophrys zunhebotoensis Mathew and Sen, 2007

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