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Xenophrys Günther, 1864
Xenophrys Günther, 1864, Rept. Brit. India: 414. Type species: Xenophrys monticola Günther, 1864, by monotypy.
Xenophrys — Khonsue and Thirakhupt, 2001, Nat. Hist. J. Chulalongkorn Univ., 1: 75; Ohler, 2003, Alytes, 21: 23; Chen, Zhou, Poyarkov, Stuart, Brown, Lathrop, Wang, Yuan, Jiang, Hou, Chen, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Duong, Papenfuss, Murphy, Zhang, and Che, 2017, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 106: 42. Treatment as a genus.
Liuophrys Fei, Ye, and Jiang in Fei and Ye, 2016, Amph. China, 1 : 614. Type species: Megophrys glandulosa Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990.
Grillitschia Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 133. Type species: Megophrys longipes Boulenger, 1885.
English Names
Strange-horned Toad (Qi, Lyu, Wang, Mo, Zeng, Zeng, Dai, Li, Grismer, and Wang, 2021, Zootaxa, 5072: 430).
Distribution
Nepal and Bhutan as well as southeastern Xizang (China) easter through northern Bangladesh, northeastern India and adjacent Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, northern Vietnam, Cambodia, and southern China (north to Hunan, east to Jiangxi and south to Yunnan and Guangdong), and south to peninsular Malaysia.
Comment
See comments under Megophryidae and Megophrys. Khonsue and Thirakhupt, 2001, Nat. Hist. J. Chulalongkorn Univ., 1: 75, Ohler, 2003, Alytes, 21: 23, and Delorme, Dubois, Grosjean, and Ohler, 2006, Alytes, 24: 6–21, had recognized Xenophrys but the earlier concept was shown by Li, Guo, and Wang, 2011, Curr. Zool., Chengdu, 57: 93–100, to be strongly paraphyletic. Chen, Zhou, Poyarkov, Stuart, Brown, Lathrop, Wang, Yuan, Jiang, Hou, Chen, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Duong, Papenfuss, Murphy, Zhang, and Che, 2017, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 106: 28–43, provided a detailed molecular study of phylogeny which resulted in the recognition of a monophyletic Xenophrys. Lyu, Zeng, Wang, Liu, Huang, Li, and Wang, 2021, Zootaxa, 4927: 9–40, provided the phylogenetic work to recognize the genus and recognized three species groups (Xenophrys aceras group, Xenophrys major group, Xenophrys megacephala group, and Xenophrys vegrandis group), noted in the species records. These groups were also reported and expanded upon by Qi, Lyu, Wang, Mo, Zeng, Zeng, Dai, Li, Grismer, and Wang, 2021, Zootaxa, 5072: 430, who summarized them thusly:
Xenophrys aceras group: Xenophrys aceras and Xenophrys longipes.
Xenophrys lekaguli group: Xenophrys lekaguli, Xenophrys parva, and Xenophrys takensis.
Xenophrys megacephala group: Xenophrys ancrae, Xenophrys awuh, Xenophrys dzukou, Xenophrys megacephala, Xenophrys numhbumaeng, Xenophrys oropedion, Xenophrys serchhipii, and Xenophrys zunhebotoensis.
Xenophrys major group: Xenophrys flavipunctata, Xenophrys glandulosa, Xenophrys himalayana, Xenophrys major, Xenophrys mangshanensis, Xenophrys maosonensis, Xenophrys medogensis, Xenophrys monticola, Xenophrys oreocrypta, Xenophrys periosa, Xenophrys robusta, and Xenophrys zhangi.
Xenophrys vegrandis group: Xenophrys vegrandis, Xenophrys yeae, and Xenophrys zhoui.
Unassigned to group: Xenophrys auralensis, Xenophrys damrei, and Xenophrys pachyproctus.
Contained taxa (31 sp.):
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