Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Xenophrys robusta (Boulenger, 1908)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Megophryidae > Subfamily: Megophryinae > Genus: Xenophrys > Species: Xenophrys robusta

Megalophrys robusta Boulenger, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908: 418. Syntypes: ZSIC (4 specimens) and BMNH (1 specimen), by original designation; BMNH 1947.2.25.19 (formerly 1908.4.8.8) designated lectotype by Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018, Zootaxa, 4523: 30. Type locality: "Darjeeling", West Bengal, India.

Megophrys (Megophrys) robusta — Dubois, 1980, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 49: 472.

Panophrys robusta — Rao and Yang, 1997, Asiat. Herpetol. Res., 7: 98–99. Tentative combination.

Megophrys (Xenophrys) robusta — Dubois and Ohler, 1998, Dumerilia, 4: 14.

Xenophrys robusta — Ohler, 2003, Alytes, 21: 23, by implication; Delorme, Dubois, Grosjean, and Ohler, 2006, Alytes, 24: 17; Chen, Zhou, Poyarkov, Stuart, Brown, Lathrop, Wang, Yuan, Jiang, Hou, Chen, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Duong, Papenfuss, Murphy, Zhang, and Che, 2017, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 106: 41; Lyu, Zeng, Wang, Liu, Huang, Li, and Wang, 2021, Zootaxa, 4927: 39.

Megophrys (Xenophrys) robusta — Mahony, Foley, Biju, and Teeling, 2017, Mol. Biol. Evol., 34: 756.

Common Names

Bengal Spadefoot Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 86).

Robust Spadefoot Toad (Schleich, Anders, and Kästle, 2002, in Schleich and Kästle (eds.), Amph. Rept. Nepal: 78; Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Gururaja, and Bhatta, 2009, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occas. Pap., 302: 44).

Robust Pelobatid Toad (Das and Dutta, 1998, Hamadryad, 23: 63).

White-lipped Horned Toad (Mathew and Sen, 2010, Pict. Guide Amph. NE India: 58).

Robust Horned Frog (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018, Zootaxa, 4523: 35; Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Deepak, and Kulkarni, 2023, Fauna India Checklist, vers. 5.0 : 6).

Distribution

Darjeeling Hills of northern West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh, east to at least the West Kameng District of western Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, as well as Ilam, Pachthar, and Taplejung Provinces of Nepal; expected in Bhutan

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: India, Nepal

Likely/Controversially Present: Bhutan

Comment

Brief account provided by Chanda, 2002, Handb. Indian Amph.: 12. Rai and Anders, 2002, in Schleich and Kästle (eds.), Amph. Rept. Nepal: 167–171, provided an extensive account for Nepalese population. Bordoloi and Borah, 2001, Cotton College Res. J., India, 1: 191–193, provided the record for Arunachal Pradesh, India. Sarkar, Biswas, and Ray, 1992, State Fauna Ser., 3: 75, provided a brief account for West Bengal, India. Das and Dutta, 2007, Hamadryad, 31: 154–181, noted no larval descriptions in the literature. Mathew and Sen, 2010, Pict. Guide Amph. NE India: 58–59, provided a brief characterization and photographs. See Shah and Tiwari, 2004, Herpetofauna Nepal: 42, for brief account for Nepal. See account by Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018, Zootaxa, 4523: 30–37, provided a detailed account, noting that records from Meghalaya, Assam, and Nagaland (India), Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Vietnam as either needing to be corroborated or erroneous. Kharkongor, Saikia, and Deb, 2018, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 118: 46, briefly summarized the range in India, apparently in ignorance of the paper by Mahony et al., 2018. Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020, J. Nat. Hist., London, 54: 184–185, discussed the Indian record presented by Kharkongor et al., 2018, and suggested that their record is based on Megophrys flavipunctata. Khatiwada, Wang, Zhao, Xie, and Jiang, 2021, Asian Herpetol. Res., 12: 1–35, discussed the genetics of the species in Nepal. In the Xenophrys major group of Lyu, Qi, Wang, Zhang, Zhao, Zeng, Wan, Yang, Mo, and Wang, 2023, Zool. Res., Kunming, 44: 380–450.

External links:

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For access to general information see Wikipedia
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For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.