Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Cophyla Boettger, 1880

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Microhylidae > Subfamily: Cophylinae > Genus: Cophyla

23 species

Cophyla Boettger, 1880, Zool. Anz., 3: 281. Type species: Cophyla phyllodactyla Boettger, 1880, by monotypy.

Platypelis Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 474. Type species: Platypelis cowanii Boulenger, 1882, by monotypy. Synonymy by Peloso, Frost, Richards, Rodrigues, Donnellan, Matsui, Raxworthy, Biju, Lemmon, Lemmon, and Wheeler, 2016, Cladistics, 32: 138; Peloso, Raxworthy, Wheeler, and Frost, 2017, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 111: 56–64.

Platyhyla Boulenger, 1889, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 4: 247. Type species: Platyhyla grandis Boulenger, 1889, by monotypy. Synonymy by Guibé, 1978, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 11: 115.

Paracophyla Millot and Guibé, 1951, Mem. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Ser. A, 5: 209. Type species: Paracophyla tuberculata Millot and Guibé, 1951, by monotypy. Synonymy with Platypelis by Blommers-Schlösser and Blanc, 1991, Faune de Madagascar, 75: 70.

English Names

Whistling Treefrogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 89).

Giant Treefrogs (Platypelis [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 91).

Distribution

Madagascar.

Geographics occurrence

Natural resident: Madagascar

Endemic to the political unit: Madagascar

Comment

See account by Blommers-Schlösser and Blanc, 1991, Faune de Madagascar, 75: 88–90. Vences, Andreone, and Glaw, 2005, Afr. Zool., 40: 148, noted that the distinctiveness of this genus from Platypelis is arguable. Glaw and Vences, 2007, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Madagascar, Ed. 3: 138–139, provided accounts. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, suggested that Cophyla is the sister taxon of one clade of Plethodontohyla (see comment under that generic account). Rakotoarison, Crottini, Müller, Rödel, Glaw, and Vences, 2015, Zootaxa, 3937: 61–89, revised Cophyla and suggested that it is the monophyletic sister taxon of a monophyletic Platypelis. However in the taxon-dense tree (albeit less evidence-density) Platypelis is paraphyletic with respect to Cophyla, and in the tree where the number of Cophyla species is reduced (although with more loci) Platypelis is monophyletic, suggesting that the jury is still out on mutual monophyly of these two genera (DRF). Peloso, Frost, Richards, Rodrigues, Donnellan, Matsui, Raxworthy, Biju, Lemmon, Lemmon, and Wheeler, 2016, Cladistics, 32: 113–140, found Platypelis to be paraphyletic with respect to Cophyla and synonymized the genera. See accounts of former Platypelis by Blommers-Schlösser and Blanc, 1991, Faune de Madagascar, 75: 70–87, and Glaw and Vences, 2007, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Madagascar, Ed. 3: 132–137, and who noted that many unnamed species are contained within this genus. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, suggested that Platypelis (along with Stumpffia and Rhombophryne) renders Plethodontohyla paraphyletic and they provided a phylogenetic estimate of exemplar species. Glaw, Scherz, Rakotoarison, Crottini, Raselimanana, Andreone, Köhler, and Vences, 2020, Vert. Zool., Senckenberg, 70: 141–156, have begun employing the genus name Platypelis for some species but, predictably, without any decisive scientific justification.

Contained taxa (23 sp.):

Cophyla alticola (Guibé, 1973)

Cophyla ando (Scherz, Köhler, Vences, and Glaw, 2019)

Cophyla barbouri (Noble, 1940)

Cophyla berara Vences, Andreone, and Glaw, 2005

Cophyla cowanii (Boulenger, 1882)

Cophyla fortuna Rakotoarison, Scherz, Bletz, Razafindraibe, Glaw, and Vences, 2019

Cophyla grandis (Boulenger, 1889)

Cophyla karenae (Rosa, Crottini, Noel, Rabibisoa, Raxworthy, and Andreone, 2014)

Cophyla laeta (Rakotoarison, Scherz, Köhler, Ratsoavina, Hawlitschek, Megson, Vences, and Glaw, 2020)

Cophyla maharipeo Rakotoarison, Crottini, Müller, Rödel, Glaw, and Vences, 2015

Cophyla mavomavo (Andreone, Fenolio, and Walvoord, 2003)

Cophyla milloti (Guibé, 1950)

Cophyla noromalalae Rakotoarison, Crottini, Müller, Rödel, Glaw, and Vences, 2015

Cophyla occultans (Glaw and Vences, 1992)

Cophyla olgae (Rakotoarison, Glaw, Vieites, Raminosoa, and Vences, 2012)

Cophyla phyllodactyla Boettger, 1880

Cophyla pollicaris (Boulenger, 1888)

Cophyla puellarum Rakotoarison, Crottini, Müller, Rödel, Glaw, and Vences, 2015

Cophyla ranjomena (Glaw, Scherz, Rakotoarison, Crottini, Raselimanana, Andreone, Köhler, and Vences, 2020)

Cophyla rava (Glaw, Köhler, and Vences, 2012)

Cophyla tetra (Andreone, Fenolio, and Walvoord, 2003)

Cophyla tsaratananaensis (Guibé, 1973)

Cophyla tuberifera (Methuen, 1920)

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