Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Pseudophryne Fitzinger, 1843

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Myobatrachoidea > Family: Myobatrachidae > Genus: Pseudophryne

14 species

Pseudophryne Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 32. Type species: Bombinator australis Gray, 1835, by original designation.

Bufonella Girard, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6: 424. Type species: Bufonella crucifera Girard, 1853, by monotypy. Synonymy by Parker, 1940, Novit. Zool., 42: 94.

Kankanophryne Heyer and Liem, 1976, Smithson. Contrib. Zool., 233: 12. Type species: Pseudophryne occidentalis Parker, 1940, by original designation. Synonymy by Tyler and Davies, 1980, Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 104: 20. Synonymy supported by Roberts and Maxson, 1989, Syst. Zool., 38: 154-165.

Gradwellia Wells and Wellington, 1985, Aust. J. Herpetol., Suppl. Ser., 1: 2. Type species: Pseudophryne major Parker, 1940, by original designation. Synonymy by acclamation. See Tyler, 1985, Herpetol. Rev., 16: 69; Australian Society of Herpetologists, 1987, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 44: 116-121; Tyler, 1988, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 45: 152; Holthius, 1988, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 45 and decision by ICZN (Anonymous, 1991, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 48: 337-338).

Common Names

Crowned Toadlets (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 95).

Distribution

Southern and eastern Australia.

Comment

Reviewed by Parker, 1940, Novit. Zool., 42: 94. See comment under Metacrinia. See Barker, Grigg, and Tyler, 1995, Field Guide Aust. Frogs., Ed. 2, for keys and accounts. Read, Keogh, Scott, Roberts, and Doughty, 2001, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 21: 294-308, suggested on the basis of mtDNA evidence that this taxon is the sister of Metacrinia + Arenophryne + Myobatrachus, a conclusion concurred with by Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297, and Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583 (although this latter publication did not address Arenophryne).. Donnellan, Mahony, and Bertozzi, 2012, Zootaxa, 3476: 69-85, reported on the molecular phylogenetics of the genus. Cogger, 2018, Rept. Amph. Australia, 7th ed.: 101–109, provided an identification key to the species, brief accounts, photographs, and polygon distribution maps.

Contained taxa (14 sp.):

Pseudophryne australis (Gray, 1835)

Pseudophryne bibronii Günther, 1859

Pseudophryne coriacea Keferstein, 1868

Pseudophryne corroboree Moore, 1953

Pseudophryne covacevichae Ingram and Corben, 1994

Pseudophryne dendyi Lucas, 1892

Pseudophryne douglasi Main, 1964

Pseudophryne guentheri Boulenger, 1882

Pseudophryne major Parker, 1940

Pseudophryne occidentalis Parker, 1940

Pseudophryne pengilleyi Wells and Wellington, 1985

Pseudophryne raveni Ingram and Corben, 1994

Pseudophryne robinsoni Donnellan, Mahony, and Bertozzi, 2012

Pseudophryne semimarmorata Lucas, 1892

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