Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Odontophrynus asper (Philippi, 1902)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Odontophrynidae > Genus: Odontophrynus > Species: Odontophrynus asper

Hyperoodon asper Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 1. Types: MNHNC or MHNM (2 specimens; museum unclear in text) according to the original publication; not located in MHNM, according to Klappenbach and Langone, 1992, An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, Ser. 2, 8: 200; by implication of Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 265–288, probably not found in MNHNC. MNHN 9937 designated neotype by Rosset, Baldo, Borteiro, Kolenc, Cazzaniga, and Basso, 2022, Herpetol. Monogr., 36: 87. Type locality: "Montevideo". Neotype from Naranjo Amargo Farm, Rincón del Cerro, Montevideo, Montevideo Department, Uruguay (34°52′37″S, 56°18′20″W)".

Hiperoodon asper — Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 159. Incorrect spelling of generic name.

Ceratophrys argentina Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 72. Holotype: Animal in figure of Pyxycephalus americanus in Bell, 1843, Zool. Voyage Beagle, Part 5: figs. 2, 2a–c; pl. 18, presumably in BMNH. Type locality: Not designated, although Argentina is implied by the species name. Synonymy with Odontophrynus americanus by Klappenbach and Langone, 1992, An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, Ser. 2, 8: 200–201; with Odontophrynus asper by Rosset, Baldo, Borteiro, Kolenc, Cazzaniga, and Basso, 2022, Herpetol. Monogr., 36: 87.

Odontophrynus asper — Rosset, Baldo, Borteiro, Kolenc, Cazzaniga, and Basso, 2022, Herpetol. Monogr., 36: 87.

Common Names

None noted.

Distribution

Central and northern Argentina (from Buenos Aires and La Pampa provinces to the northern part of the country), Uruguay, southern Paraguay (Central and Itapúa departments), and southeastern Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo states; probably also occurs in Bolivia.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay

Likely/Controversially Present: Bolivia

Comment

Hyperoodon asper was placed in tentative synonymy with Odontophrynus americanus by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 266 (who provided the long missing original illustration); synonymy with Odontophrynus americanus by Klappenbach, 1968, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 23: 148, and Lynch, 1970, Copeia, 1970: 494–495. Márquez, De la Riva, and Bosch, 1995, J. Zool., London, 237: 313–336, reported on vocalization in Bolivia (nominally as Odontophrynus americanus, but like Odontophrynus asper). Salas, Zavattieri, di Tada, Martino, and Bridarolli, 1998, Cuad. Herpetol., 12: 37–48, discussed the call (likely Odontophrynus asper, but as Odontophrynus americanus). Achaval and Olmos, 2003, Anf. Rept. Uruguay, ed. 2: 35, provided a brief account and photograph for the Uruguay population (as Odontophrynus americanus, but likely Odontophrynus asper). Eterovick and Sazima, 2004, Anf. Serra do Cipó: 99–100, provided a photograph and brief account (as Odontophrynus americanus). Brusquetti and Lavilla, 2006, Cuad. Herpetol., 20: 16, briefly discussed the range (as Odontophrynus americanus) in Paraguay. Grenat, Salas, and Martino, 2009, Zootaxa, 2049: 67–68, documented that erythrocyte volume differs between this tetraploid species (as Odontophrynus americanus) and the diploid Odontophrynus cordobae. Cruz, Feio, and Caramaschi, 2009, Anf. Ibitipoca: 72–73, provided (as Odontophrynus americanus) photographs and a brief account for Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Weiler, Núñez, Airaldi, Lavilla, Peris, and Baldo, 2013, Anf. Paraguay: 118, provided a brief account (as Odontophrynus americanus), image, and dot map for Paraguay. Grenat, Salas, Pollo, Otero, Baraquet, Sinsch, and Martino, 2018, Amphibia-Reptilia, 39: 1–10, reported on natural hybrids with Odontophrynus cordobae and Odontophrynus asper (as Odontophrynus americanus) in central Argentina hybrid zones. Martino, Dehling, and Sinsch, 2019, PeerJ, 7(e6480): 1–32, noted unnamed species (as Odontophryns americanus) in Misiones, Argentina, and Brazil. Martínez, Espínola, and Goossen, 2022, Bol. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Paraguay, 26: 74–75, provided a record (as Odontophrynus americanus) from extreme southwestern Departamento Ñeembucú, Paraguay, and provided a dot map for that country. Resurrected by Rosset, Baldo, Borteiro, Kolenc, Cazzaniga, and Basso, 2022, Herpetol. Monogr., 36: 86, for the tetraploid populations formerly associated with the diploid Odontophrynus americanus. These authors also discussed the complex literature, systematics, distribution, comparative morphology, cytogenetics, advertisement and release calls.

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