Pelobates syriacus Boettger, 1889

English Names

Syrian Spade-foot Toad (Flower, 1933, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1933: 838).

Eastern Spadefoot (Arnold and Burton, 1978, Field Guide Rept. Amph. Brit. Eur.: 67; Stumpel-Rienks, 1992, Ergänzungsband Handbuch Rept. Amph. Eur., Trivialnamen der Herpetofauna Eur.: 52; Kuzmin, 1999, Amph. Former Soviet Union: 174; Tarkhnishvili and Gokhelashvili, 1999, Adv. Amph. Res. Former Soviet Union, 4: v; Arnold, 2002, Rept. Amph. Eur., Ed. 2: 70; Arakelyan, Danielyan, Corti, Sindaco, and Leviton, 2011, Herpetofauna of Armenia: 39).

Southwest Asian Spadefoot (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 108).

Syrian Spadefoot Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 96; Sofianidou, 1997, in Gasc et al. (eds.), Atlas Amph. Rept. Eur.: 113).

Distribution

Middle East, sea level to 2000 m elevation; from the Syrian coast at the border of Lebanon to the southern Israeli coast, as well as in south-western Syria and western Jordan (although possibly extinct there); European Turkey possibly into adjacent Bulgaria; Limnos I., northern Aegean of Greece; Asian Turkey in isolated populations to the southern slopes of the Caucasus, from Georgia to Azerbaijan, into adjacent Dagestan, Russia, thence east into Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, and Mazandaran provinces, northern Iran; expected in northern Iraq. 

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Russia, Syria, Turkey

Likely/Controversially Present: Iraq

Comment

Care should be taken with literature published before 2019, when major realignments of species limits were published by Dufresnes, Strachinis, Tzoras, Litvinchuk, and Denoël, 2019, ZooKeys, 859: 131–158, who discussed the phylogenetics, natural history, and range of the species. Uğurtaş, 2001, Asiat. Herpetol. Res., 9: 139–141, reported on geographic variation of dorsal color pattern and morphometrics in Turkey. Kuzmin, 2013, Amph. Former Soviet Union, Ed. 2: 128–130, provided an account for the former USSR. Uğurtaş, Ljubisavljević, Sidorovska, Kalezić, and Džukić, 2002, Israel J. Zool., 48: 13–32, discussed geographic variation of this species and found the Balkan population (now Pelobates balcanicus) to be quite distinctive from the Asia Minor population (Pelobates syriacus syriacus), and the Balkan populations (Serbia and Macedonia + Bulgaria) to form two also distinctive populations (Pelobates syriacus balcanicus and an unnamed subspecies). Disi, Modry, Necas, and Rifai, 2001, Amph. Rept. Hashemite Kingdom Jordan: 99–101, provided an account for the Jordanian population. Özeti and Yilmaz, 1994, Türkiye Amfibileri: 114–120, provided an account for Turkish populations. Baloutch and Kami, 1995, Amph. Iran: 108–110, provided an account for Iran. Delfino, Bar-Oz, and Weissbrod, 2007, Zool. Middle East, 40: 45–52, reported the species extralimitally in Bronze-Age archeological site from the lower Galilee area, implying substantial environmental change. Mazanaeva and Askenderov, 2007, Russ. J. Herpetol., 14: 161–166, discussed the range in Dagestan, Russia. Anderson, 1978, Herpetol. Rev., 9: 21, provided records for Mazandaran Province, Iran, and commented on the more westerly records for Caspian Iran. Kami and Vakilpoure, 1996, Herpetol. Rev., 27: 149, provided additional records for Iran. Düsen and Urhan, 2008, Russ. J. Herpetol., 15: 189–192, provided a record for western Anatolia, Turkey. Kamali and Malekzadeh, 2013, Russ. J. Herpetol., 20: 238–239, provided a record for northern Iran and discussed the range in that country. Safaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, Fahimi, Broomand, Yazdanian, Najafi-Majd, Hosseinian Yousefkani, Rezazadeh, Hosseinzadeh, Nasrabadi, Mashayekhi, Motesharei, Naderi, and Kazemi, 2015, Asian Herpetol. Res., 6: 257–290, reported on distribution and conservation status in Iran. Strachinis and Roussos, 2016, Herpetol. Notes, 9: 237–248, provided records from the Greek island of Limnos. Speybroeck, Beukema, Bok, and Van Der Voort, 2016, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Brit. Eur.: 141–142, provided a brief account and range map for Europe. Mulder, 2019, Amph. Rept. Conserv., 13: 162–172, reported the species from the Mount Ararat region of extreme eastern Turkey. Dufresnes, Strachinis, Suriadna, Mykytynets, Cogǎlniceanu, Székely, Vukov, Arntzen, Wielstra, Lymberakis, Geffen, Gafny, Kumlutaş, Ilgaz, Candan, Mizsei, Szabolcs, Kolenda, Smirnov, Géniez, Lukanov, Crochet, Dubey, Perrin, Litvinchuk, and Denoël, 2019, Mol. Ecol., 28: 3257–3270, reported on the hybrid zone with Pelobates balcanicus. See Dufresnes, 2019, Amph. Eur., N. Afr., & Middle East: 59, for brief summary of identifying morphology and biology, a range map, as well as a photograph. Key to the species, synonymy, distribution (including map), and access to literature provided by Safaei-Mahroo and Ghaffari, 2020, Compl. Guide Amph. Iran: 1–331. Gasimova, 2021, Biharean Biol., 15: 112–116, discussed the range in Azerbaijan, and provided a dot map. Safaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, and Niamir, 2023, Zootaxa, 5279: 1–112, provided for Iran an identification key including this species, photographs, habitat, conservation threats and Red List recommendation, a review of the literature, as well as dot and modeled distribution maps.     

External links:

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• For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
• For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
• For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
• To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
• For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
• For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
• For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
• For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist
• For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.