Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Pipa carvalhoi (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Pipidae > Subfamily: Pipinae > Genus: Pipa > Species: Pipa carvalhoi

Protopipa carvalhoi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937, O Campo, 1937: 56. Syntypes: MNRJ; MNRJ 533 considered "tipo" (invalid lectotype by implication) by P. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1955, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 42: 412; formally designated lectotype by Caramaschi, 1989, J. Herpetol., 23: 192. Type locality: "Serra da Cachoeira, perto de Casinhas (a 580 ms. sobre o nivel do mar), no E. de Pernambuco, nos brejos do riacho do Cavallo e no proprio riacho (Afl. secundario do Capeberibe, C. de 8° L. S.", Brazil; "Poção, 1.000 ms. de altit."; "Rio Branco (665 ms)"; and "Capueira (840 ms), Garanhuns, E. de Pernambuco", Brazil. Restricted to "Poçao, Pesqueira, Pernambuco", Brazil by Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 87. Restricted to "Serra do Acaí—Poção—Município Pesqueiro—Pernambuco", Brazil by the lectotype designation of P. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1955, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 42: 412; rendered as Poçao Municipality (08°11′ S, 36° 42′ W), State of Pernambuco, Brazil, by lectotype designation by Caramaschi, 1989, J. Herpetol., 23: 192.

Hemipipa carvalhoi — Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937, O Campo, 1937: 26; Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 71.

Pipa carvalhoi — Dunn, 1948, Am. Mus. Novit., 1384: 7.

Common Names

Carvalho's Surinam Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 96).

Distribution

Rio Grande do Norte and southern Ceará through Sergipe and Pernambuco to eastern Minas Gerais, and Espírito Santo, Brazil; isolated records in western Bahia (Municipality of Barreiras).

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil

Endemic: Brazil

Comment

See comment associated with Pipa cururu, a synonym of Pipa pipa. Weygoldt, 1976, Z. Tierpsychol., 40: 80–99, reported on the call. Santana, Franco, Rocha, Freitas, De-Carvalho, and Faria, 2014, Check List, 10: 407–408, discussed and mapped the range and provided a record for the state of Sergipe, Brazil. Bünten, Heuwinkel, and Greven, 1992, Salamandra, 28: 72–85, described the call. Jorge, Freire, and Kokubum, 2015, Herpetol. Rev., 46: 57, provided the first record from Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, and commented on the range. Ferreira, Mônico, Silva, Lirio, Zocca, Mageski, Tonini, Beard, Duca, and Silva-Soares, 2019, ZooKeys, 857: 152, noted an unnamed species, "Pipa aff. carvalhoi" in the region of Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Dubeux, Silva, Nascimento, Gonçalves, and Mott, 2019, Rev. Nordestina Zool., 12: 18–52, summarized the literature on larval morphology. See Dubeux, Nascimento, Lima, Magalhães, Silva, Gonçalves, Almeida, Correia, Garda, Mesquita, Rossa-Feres, and Mott, 2020, Biota Neotrop., 20 (2: e20180718): 1–24, for characterization and identification of larvae north of the Rio São Francisco in the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil. Zattera, Gazolla, Soares, Gazoni, Pollet, Recco-Pimentel, and Bruschi, 2020, Frontiers in Genetics, 11(637): 1–10, reported on karyology. Lima, Bruschi, Nascimento, Araújo, Costa, Thomé, Garda, Zattera, and Mott, 2020, Syst. Biodiversity, 18: 771–783, provided molecular, cytogenetic, and morphological evidence that this nominal species is composed of three lineage-species: (1) Eastern Atlantic Northeast (Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, eastern Pernambuco, Alagoas); (2) São Francisco and East Atlantic (western Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, northern Espírito Santo); (3) Southeast Atlantic (southern Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais). Ferreira, Serra, Silva, Andrade, and Weber, 2021, Herpetol. Notes, 14: 407–409, reported a population in western Bahia, Brazil, in cerrado habitat. Fouquet, Cornuault, Rodrigues, Werneck, Hrbek, Acosta-Galvis, Massemin, Kok, and Ernst, 2022, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 170 (107442): 1–14, confirmed on the basis of molecular analysis the existence of three species under this name.

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For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
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For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
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