Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Pipa Laurenti, 1768

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Pipidae > Subfamily: Pipinae > Genus: Pipa

7 species

Pipa Laurenti, 1768, Spec. Med. Exhib. Synops. Rept.: 24. Type species: Pipa americana Laurenti, 1768 (= Rana pipa Linnaeus, 1758), by monotypy.

Piparius Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat.: 78. Substitute name for "Pipa Dum.".

Asterodactylus Wagler, 1827, Isis von Oken, 20: 726. Substitute name for Pipa Laurenti.

Leptopus Mayer, 1835, Analect. Vergl. Anat.: 34. Type species: Leptopus asterodactylus Mayer, 1835 (= Rana pipa Linnaeus, 1758), by subsequent designation of Dunn, 1948, Am. Mus. Novit., 1384: 1. Substitute name for Asterodactylus Wagler, 1830. Preoccupied by Leptopus Latreille, 1809. Synonymy by Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 765; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 459.

Astrodactylus — Hogg, 1839, Mag. Nat. Hist., N.S., 3: 271. See also Hogg, 1838, Ann. Nat. Hist., London, 1: 152, for implied use of this name as the root of Astrodactylidae. Presumably an incorrect subsequent spelling of Asterodactylus Wagler, 1827.

Protopipa Noble, 1925, Am. Mus. Novit., 164: 1. Type species: Pipa aspera Müller, 1924. Synonymy by Dunn, 1948, Am. Mus. Novit., 1384: 1-8.

Hemipipa Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937, O Campo, 1937: 26. Type species: Protopipa carvalhoi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937. Synonymy by Dunn, 1948, Am. Mus. Novit., 1384: 1-8; Trueb and Cannatella, 1986, Herpetologica, 42: 427.

Nomina inquirenda - Name(s) unassigned to a living or extinct population

Pipa verrucosa Wiegmann, 1832, in Wiegmann and Ruthe (eds.), Handbuch der Zool., Amph.: 200. Type(s): Not stated, but presumably originally in ZMB. Type locality: "Guiana, Brasilien".

Common Names

Pipa (Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3(1): 167).

Surinam Toads (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 96).

Neotropical Watertoads (Hedges, Powell, Henderson, Hanson, and Murphy, 2019, Caribb. Herpetol., 67: 15).

Distribution

Northern South America and Panama.

Comment

Dunn, 1948, Am. Mus. Novit., 1384, reviewed the genus. See also Trueb and Cannatella, 1986, Herpetologica, 42: 412-449, for review and accounts for the species. Trueb and Massemin, 2001, Amphibia-Reptilia, 22: 33-54, reported on phylogenetics. Fouquet, Cornuault, Rodrigues, Werneck, Hrbek, Acosta-Galvis, Massemin, Kok, and Ernst, 2022, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 170 (107442): 1–14, reported on molecular phylogenetics and biogeography.

Contained taxa (7 sp.):

Pipa arrabali Izecksohn, 1976

Pipa aspera Müller, 1924

Pipa carvalhoi (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937)

Pipa myersi Trueb, 1984

Pipa parva Ruthven and Gaige, 1923

Pipa pipa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Pipa snethlageae Müller, 1914

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