Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi, 1821)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Caudata > Family: Salamandridae > Subfamily: Salamandrininae > Genus: Salamandrina > Species: Salamandrina perspicillata

Salamandra perspicillata Savi, 1821, Bibliot. Ital., Ossia Giorn. Lett. Sci. Art., Milano, 22: 228. Syntypes: Not stated; MZUT An584 (2 specimens) according to Gavetti and Andreone, 1993, Cat. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat., Torino, 10: 25. Böhme and Bischoff, 1984, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 19: 166, and Böhme, 2014, Mertensiella, 21: 86, reported a syntype as missing from the ZFMK. Type locality: "dell' Apennino toscano, e specialmente in quello del Mugello", Italy.

Salamandrina perspicillata — Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Class. Rept.: 41, 66; Schulze, 1891, Jahresber. Abhandl. Naturwiss. Ver. Magdeburg, 1890: 170.

Seiranota condylura Barnes, 1826, Am. J. Sci. Arts, 11: 278. Type(s): Not stated or known to exist. Type locality: "Appenines of Tuscany, and especially at Mugello", Italy. Synonymy (with Salamandrina perspicillata) by Bonaparte, 1837, Iconograph. Fauna Ital., 2 (Fasc. 19): unnumbered page; Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854, Erp. Gen., 9: 63; Camerano, 1885, Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2, 36: 420; Schreiber, 1875, Herpetol. Eur.: 69, and Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Grad. Batr. Apoda Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 28.

Salamandra savi Cuvier, 1829, Regne Animal., Ed. 2, 2: 115. Substitute name for Salamandra perspicillata attributed to Gosse, 1829. Synonymy by Dunn, 1926, Salamanders Fam. Plethodontidae: 345.

Salamandra (Salamandra) perspcillata Van der Hoeven, 1833, Handb. Dierkd., 2: 307.

Geotriton savi Bonaparte, 1837, Iconograph. Fauna Ital., 2 (Fasc. 19): unnumbered. Source is Gray, 1850, Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad.: 47.

Salamandrina perspicillata — Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 93; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Grad. Batr. Apoda Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 28.

Seiranota perspicillata — Bonaparte, 1839, Iconograph. Fauna Ital., 2 (Fasc. 26): unnumbered.

Common Names

Northern Spectacled Salamander (Speybroeck, Beukema, Bok, and Van Der Voort, 2016, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Brit. Eur.: 71).

Distribution

Italy in the Apennines from northwest of Naples to northwestern Italy.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Italy

Endemic: Italy

Comment

Mattoccia, Romano, and Sbordoni, 2005, Zootaxa, 995: 1–19, provided evidence from mtDNA that two species exist under this name and partitioned former Salamandrina terdigitata. Canestrelli, Zangari, and Nascetti, 2006, Herpetol. J., 16: 221–227, subsequently provided allozymic evidence of the distinctiveness of Salamandrina perspicillata. Literature prior to this conflates the two species. Schreiber, 1875, Herpetol. Eur.: 69, and Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Grad. Batr. Apoda Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 28 (under Salamandrina perspicillata) had considered the two species to be conspecific. See detailed account by Angelini, Vanni, and Vignoli, 2007, in Lanza et al. (eds.), Fauna d'Italia, 42 (Amph.): 228–237. Romano, Mattoccia, Marta, Bogaerts, Pasmans, and Sbordoni, 2009, Ital. J. Zool., 76: 422–432, distinguished the species from Salamandrina terdigitata. Liuzzi, Mastropasqua, and Salvi, 2011, Acta Herpetol., Firenze, 6: 315–321, provided a record for extreme northwestern Apulia, Italy. Hauswaldt, Angelini, Gehara, Benavides, Polok, and Steinfartz, 2014, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 70: 1–12, reported on molecular phylogeography. Raffaëlli, 2013, Urodeles du Monde, 2nd ed.: 191, provided a brief account, photograph, and map. Sparreboom, 2014, Salamanders Old World: 335–338, reviewed the biology, characteristics, distribution, reproduction, and conservation of the species. Speybroeck, Beukema, Bok, and Van Der Voort, 2016, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Brit. Eur.: 71–72, provided a compact account and distribution map. See Dufresnes, 2019, Amph. Eur., N. Afr., & Middle East: 168, for brief summary of identifying morphology and biology, a range map, as well as a photograph. Macaluso, Villa, Pitruzzella, Rook, Pogoda, Kupfer, and Delfino, 2020, J. Morphol., 281: 1391–1410, discussed osteology. Raffaëlli, 2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World: 261–263, provided an account, summarizing systematics, life history, population status, and distribution (including a polygon map).

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To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist