Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Salamandrina Fitzinger, 1826

Class: Amphibia > Order: Caudata > Family: Salamandridae > Subfamily: Salamandrininae > Genus: Salamandrina

2 species

Salamandrina Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Class. Rept.: 41, 66. Type species: Salamandra perspicillata Savi, 1821, by monotypy. Synonymy (with Seiranota) by Bonaparte, 1840, Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2, 2: 450; Gray, 1850, Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad.: 29.

Seiranota Barnes, 1826, Am. J. Sci. Arts, 11: 278. Type species: Seiranota condylura Barnes, 1826 by monotypy. Synonymy by Bonaparte, 1840, Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2, 2: 450; Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854, Erp. Gen., 9: 68; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Grad. Batr. Apoda Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 28.

Siranota — Cope, 1866, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 6: 108. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Common Names

Spectacled Salamanders (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 33; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 36).

Distribution

Mountains of Italy from near Genoa to Calabria.

Comment

Weisrock, Papenfuss, Macey, Litvinchuk, Polymeni, Uğurtaş, Zhao, Jowkar, and Larson, 2006, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 41: 855–857, suggested that this taxon forms the sister taxon of the remaining Pleurodelinae, although they discussed evidentiary ambiguities. Zhang, Papenfuss, Wake, Qu, and Wake, 2008, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 49: 586–597, provided additional evidence for this placement. Romano, Mattoccia, Marta, Bogaerts, Pasmans, and Sbordoni, 2009, Ital. J. Zool., 76: 422-432, distinguished the two species morphologically. Hauswaldt, Angelini, Pollok, and Steinfartz, 2011, J. Zool., London, 284: 248–256, documented molecular markers of a hybrid zone between the two species in Italy. Mattoccia, Marta, Romano, and Sbordoni, 2011, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 104: 903–922, also reported on secondary contact and biogeographic phylogeography. Liuzzi, Mastropasqua, and Salvi, 2011, Acta Herpetol., Firenze, 6: 315–321, provided additional distributional data and discussed the ranges of both species. Hauswaldt, Angelini, Gehara, Benavides, Polok, and Steinfartz, 2014, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 70: 1–12, reported on the phylogenetics and phylogeography of the species. Raffaëlli, 2013, Urodeles du Monde, 2nd ed.: 191, provided a brief account, photograph, and map. Sparreboom, 2014, Salamanders Old World: 335–339, reviewed the biology, characteristics, distribution, reproduction, and conservation of the species. Ventura, Ciofi, Natali, and Mattoccia, 2015, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 63: 170–173, reported on microsatellite differentiation between Salamandrina terdigitata and Salamandrina perspicillata.

Contained taxa (2 sp.):

Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi, 1821)

Salamandrina terdigitata (Bonnaterre, 1789)

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