Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Salamandrina terdigitata (Bonnaterre, 1789)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Caudata > Family: Salamandridae > Subfamily: Salamandrininae > Genus: Salamandrina > Species: Salamandrina terdigitata

Salamandra ter-digitata Lacépède, 1788, Hist. Nat. Quadrup. Ovip. Serpens, Quarto ed., 1: Table following page 618 and referencing account starting on page 496. Type(s): Not stated, although including animals figure on plate facing page 496 of 4to edition; holotype is MNHNP 4658 according to Thireau, 1986, Cat. Types Urodeles Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Rev. Crit.: 76. Type locality: "Vésuve" = Vesuvius, Italy. Synonymy (with Sieranota perspicillata) by Gray, 1850, Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad.: 25, and Schreiber, 1875, Herpetol. Eur.: 69. Work (and all contained names) suppressed as nonbinominal by Opinion 2104, Anonymous, 2005, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 62: 55.).

Salamandra Ter-digitata Bonnaterre, 1789, Tab. Encyclop. Method. Trois Reg. Nat., Erp.: 64. Type(s): as for Salamandra ter-digitata Lacépède, 1788. Type locality: as for Salamandra ter-digitata Lacépède, 1788.

Salamandra tridactyla Daudin, 1803 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Rept., 8: 261. Type(s): Not designated; MNHNP 4658 is holotype according to Thireau, 1986, Cat. Types Urodeles Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Rev. Crit.: 77 (who regards this as a substitute name for Salamandra ter-digitata Lacépède). Type locality: "Vésuve" (= Vesuvius), Italy. Synonymy (with Seiranota perspicillata) by Bonaparte, 1840, Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2, 2: 450; Gray, 1850, Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad.: 25. Synonymy (with Salamandrina perspicillata) by Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854, Erp. Gen., 9: 63, and Schreiber, 1875, Herpetol. Eur.: 69; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Grad. Batr. Apoda Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 28.

Molge tridactyla — Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amph.: 188.

Triton tridactylus — Schinz, 1822, Thierr. Naturgesch., 2: 186.

Salamandra imperati Costa, 1828, Fauna Aspromonte: 78. Type(s): Not stated or known to exist. Type locality: Fiume Ferraina, Aspromonte, southern Italy. Synonymy by Brame, 1972, Checklist Living & Fossil Salamand. World (Unpubl. MS): 80.

Salamandrina terdigitata — Dunn, 1918, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62: 450. Mertens and Müller, 1940, Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges., 451: 13.

English Names

Spectacle Salamander (Hellmich, 1962, Rept. Amph. Eur.: 53).

Spectacled Salamander (Steward, 1969, Tailed Amph. Eur.: 39; Bruno, 1973, Natura, Milano, 64: 289; Arnold and Burton, 1978, Field Guide Rept. Amph. Brit. Eur.: 35; Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 33; Stumpel-Rienks, 1992, Ergänzungsband Handbuch Rept. Amph. Eur., Trivialnamen der Herpetofauna Eur.: 62; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 36).

Southern Spectacled Salamander (Speybroeck, Beukema, Bok, and Van Der Voort, 2016, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Brit. Eur.: 71).

Distribution

Italy in the Apennines southeast of Naples to the tip of Calabria, Italy; reported also in central Apulia on the Basilicata border in Italy.

Comment

See accounts (in the sense of also including what is now Salamandrina perspicillata) by Bruno, 1973, Natura, Milano, 64: 289-299, Nöllert and Nöllert, 1992, Die Amph. Eur.: 185-188, and Thorn and Raffaëlli, 2000, Salamand. Ancien Monde: 239-244. See also discussion of relevant literature and distribution by Vanni and Nistri, 1997, in Gasc et al. (eds.), Atlas Amph. Rept. Eur.: 70-71. Zuffi, 1999, in Grossenbacher and Thiesmeier (eds.), Handbuch Rept. Amph. Eur., 4(1): 229-246, provided an extensive review of biology. Obst in Engelmann, Fritzsche, Günther, and Obst, 1993, Lurche Kriechtiere Eur.: 83-85, provided a brief account, figure, and map. See comment under Salamandrina perspicillata. Work (and all contained names) suppressed as nonbinominal by Opinion 2104 (Anonymous, 2005, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 62: XXX). Mattoccia, Romano, and Sbordoni, 2005, Zootaxa, 995: 1-19. Raffaëlli, 2007, Les Urodèles du Monde: 150-151, provided a brief account, figure, and map. See detailed account by Angelini, Vanni, and Vignoli, 2007, in Lanza et al. (eds.), Fauna d'Italia, 42 (Amph.): 228-237. Sparreboom, 2014, Salamanders Old World: 338–339, reviewed the biology, characteristics, distribution, reproduction, and conservation of the species. Romano, Mattoccia, Marta, Bogaerts, Pasmans, and Sbordoni, 2009, Ital. J. Zool., 76: 422-432, distinguished the species from Salamandrina perspicillata. Speybroeck, Beukema, and Crochet, 2010, Zootaxa, 2492: 5, discussed the literature surrounding the distinctiveness of the two species. Liuzzi, Mastropasqua, and Salvi, 2011, Acta Herpetol., Firenze, 6: 315-321, discussed the range of the species and provided a record for Apulia, Italy. Hauswaldt, Angelini, Gehara, Benavides, Polok, and Steinfartz, 2014, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 70: 1-12, reported on molecular phylogeography. Speybroeck, Beukema, Bok, and Van Der Voort, 2016, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Brit. Eur.: 71–72, provided a compact account and distribution map. See Dufresnes, 2019, Amph. Eur., N. Afr., & Middle East: 169, for brief summary of identifying morphology and biology, a range map, as well as a photograph.

External links:

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For additional sources of information from other sites search Google
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist; for a quick link to their maps see iNaturalist KML
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.