Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Adelophryne Hoogmoed and Lescure, 1984

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Brachycephaloidea > Family: Eleutherodactylidae > Subfamily: Phyzelaphryninae > Genus: Adelophryne

12 species

Adelophryne Hoogmoed and Lescure, 1984, Zool. Meded., Leiden, 58: 92. Type species: Adelophryne adiastola Hoogmoed and Lescure, 1984, by original designation.

Common Names

Shield Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 70).

Distribution

Northern South America east of the Andes (roughly, the Guiana Shield) as well the coastal area of south-central Bahia, Brazil.

Comment

This nominal genus shows variation in the number of phalanges in the 4th digit: 2 or 3. In part, this character is shared with Euparkerella, Phyllonastes, Phyzelaphryne, and Brachycephalus. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 197-198, suggested this to be synapomorphic, but also (p. 199) noted a character that would ally Adelophryne with Phyzelaphryne and the Eleutherodactylus diastema group. Silva, Campos, and Sebben, 2007, Zootaxa, 1422: 59-68, suggested that this might be mistaken although they presented no evidence to reject the topology. Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 93, placed Adelophryne and Phyzelaphryne in Phyzelaphryninae and rejected a close relationship to Euparkerella, Phyllonastes, and Brachycephalus. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583, confirmed the sister-taxon relationship of Adelophryne and Phyzelaphryne. See comment under Phyllonastes. See Hoogmoed, Borges-Nojosa, and Cascon, 1994, Zool. Meded., Leiden, 68: 271-300, for discussion and key to the species. Fouquet, Loebmann, Castroviejo-Fisher, Padial, Orrico, Lyra, Roberto, Kok, Haddad, and Rodrigues, 2012, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 65: 547-561, provided a molecular phylogenetic analysis and suggested that many species remain to be named in this clade. Padial, Grant, and Frost, 2014, Zootaxa, 3825: 60, found this taxon to be in Phyzelaphryninae, but only dubiously distinct from Phyzelaphryne. Dominato, Cassini, Silva, and Orrico, 2018, Zootaxa, 4444: 575–583, discussed the results of Fouquet, Loebmann, Castroviejo-Fisher, Padial, Orrico, Lyra, Roberto, Kok, Haddad, and Rodrigues, 2012, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 65: 547-561, particularly with reference to the identity of the various Adelophryne, both named and unnamed, in that paper. Lourenço-de-Moraes, Dias, Mira-Mendes, Oliveira, Barth, Ruas, Vences, Solé, and Bastos, 2018, PLoS One, 13 (9: e0201781): 1–17, noted five unnamed species delimited by molecular evidence and named one of these as Adelophryne michelin.

Contained taxa (12 sp.):

Adelophryne adiastola Hoogmoed and Lescure, 1984

Adelophryne amapaensis Taucce, Costa-Campos, Haddad, and Carvalho, 2020

Adelophryne baturitensis Hoogmoed, Borges, and Cascon, 1994

Adelophryne glandulata Lourenço de Moraes, Ferreira, Fouquet, and Bastos, 2014

Adelophryne gutturosa Hoogmoed and Lescure, 1984

Adelophryne maranguapensis Hoogmoed, Borges, and Cascon, 1994

Adelophryne meridionalis Santana, Fonseca, Neves, and Carvalho, 2012

Adelophryne michelin Lourenço-de-Moraes, Dias, Mira-Mendes, Oliveira, Barth, Ruas, Vences, Solé, and Bastos, 2018

Adelophryne mucronata Lourenço-de-Moraes, Solé, and Toledo, 2012

Adelophryne nordestina Lourenço-de-Moraes, Lisboa, Drummond, Moura, Moura, Lyra, Guarnieri, Mott, Hoogmoed, and Santana, 2021

Adelophryne pachydactyla Hoogmoed, Borges, and Cascon, 1994

Adelophryne patamona MacCulloch, Lathrop, Kok, Minter, Khan, and Barrio-Amoros, 2008

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