Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Oreophrynella

8 species

Oreophryne Boulenger, 1895, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 15: 521. Type species: Oreophryne quelchii Boulenger, 1895, by monotypy. Junior homonym of Oreophryne Boettger, 1895.

Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 16: 125. Replacement name for Oreophryne Boulenger, 1895.

English Names

Bush Toads (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 45).

Distribution

On sandstone mountains (tepuis) in south-central Venezuela and adjacent Guyana.

Comment

McDiarmid, 1971, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 12: 49, placed Oreophrynella as the sister-taxon of Atelopus + Dendrophryniscus + Melanophryniscus. Cannatella, 1986, Herpetologica, 42: 197-205, considered Oreophrynella to be the sister-taxon of Dendrophryniscus. Graybeal, 1997, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 119: 297-338, presented a tree that suggested that Oreophrynella is most closely related to Pelophryne and Didnamipus. Señaris, Ayarzagüena, and Gorzula, 1994, Publ. Asoc. Amigos Doñana, 3: 1-37 discussed the species in Venezuela, and suggested a special relationship with Metaphryniscus and Osornophryne. Graybeal and Cannatella, 1995, Herpetologica, 51: 122, presented evidence supporting the monophyly of Oreophrynella. Barrio-Amorós, 1999 "1998", Acta Biol. Venezuelica, 18: 11-12, reported on literature and distribution for the species in Venezuela. Van Bocxlaer, Loader, Roelants, Biju, Menegon, and Bossuyt, 2010, Science, 327: 679-682, suggested on the basis of molecular evidence that Oreophrynella is phylogenetically isolated, attaching near the base of the bufonid tree. Kok, MacCulloch, Means, Roelants, Van Bocxlaer, and Bossuyt, 2012, Curr. Biol., 22: R589–R590, and Kok, MacCulloch, Means, Roelants, Van Bocxlaer, and Bossuyt, 2012, Current. Biol., Suppl. Inform., 22: 1–25, provided a molecular tree of tepui populations and noted the low branch lengths. Peloso, Faivovich, Grant, Gasparini, and Haddad, 2012, Am. Mus. Novit., 3762: 1-32, suggested on the basis of molecular evidence that Oreophrynella is the sister taxon of Frostius. Kok, Ratz, MacCulloch, Lathrop, Dezfoulian, Aubret, and Means, 2018, J. Biogeograph., 45: 26–36, found Oreophrynella to the be the sister taxon of Atelopus, who also provided a molecular tree of the species of Oreophrynella and discussed its biogeography.

Contained taxa (8 sp.):

Oreophrynella cryptica Señaris, 1995 "1993"

Oreophrynella huberi Diego-Aransay and Gorzula, 1990

Oreophrynella macconnelli Boulenger, 1900

Oreophrynella nigra Señaris, Ayarzagüena, and Gorzula, 1994

Oreophrynella quelchii (Boulenger, 1895)

Oreophrynella seegobini Kok, 2009

Oreophrynella vasquezi Señaris, Ayarzagüena, and Gorzula, 1994

Oreophrynella weiassipuensis Señaris, DoNascimiento, and Villarreal, 2005

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