Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Cochranella Taylor, 1951

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Centrolenidae > Subfamily: Centroleninae > Genus: Cochranella

8 species

Cochranella Taylor, 1951, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 64: 34. Type species: Centrolenella granulosa Taylor, 1949, by original designation.

Common Names

Cochran Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 46).

Distribution

Honduras to Amazonian and Andean cloud forests of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia and into Amapá, Brazil.

Comment

This genus represents those species of centrolenids that are not included in either of the other two genera (Centrolene and Hyalinobatrachium) and may not be an historical group, according to Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1991, Lozania, 57: 1-30. Guayasamin, Bustamante, Almeida-Reinoso, and Funk, 2006, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 147: 489-513, suggested that Cochranella is not monophyletic but could not resolve its paraphyly. Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1991, Lozania, 57: 1-30, recognized two species groups, the Cochranella ocellata group and the Cochranella granulosa group. Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1995, Lozania, 62: 1-23, recognized a third group, the Cochranella spinosa group. See comment under Centrolene. Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Ayarzagüena, Trueb, and Vilà, 2008, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 48: 574-595, demonstrated that Cochranella is polyphyletic with some species being more closely related to Hyalinobatrachium and various "Centrolene" (also polyphyletic) than to any core group of Cochranella. This was rectified by Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009, Zootaxa, 2100: 1-97, who partitioned Cochranella into several genera to remedy its former polyphyly. Köhler, 2011, Amph. Cent. Am.: 120, compared the species of Central America and provided an identification key, maps, and photographs.

Contained taxa (8 sp.):

Cochranella erminea Torres-Gastello, Suárez-Segovia, and Cisneros-Heredia, 2007

Cochranella euknemos (Savage and Starrett, 1967)

Cochranella granulosa (Taylor, 1949)

Cochranella guayasamini Twomey, Delia, and Castroviejo-Fisher, 2014

Cochranella litoralis (Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1996)

Cochranella mache Guayasamin and Bonaccorso, 2004

Cochranella nola Harvey, 1996

Cochranella resplendens (Lynch and Duellman, 1973)

External links:

Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.

For access to general information see Wikipedia
For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist