Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Espadarana Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Centrolenidae > Subfamily: Centroleninae > Genus: Espadarana

5 species

Espadarana Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009, Zootaxa, 2100: 33. Type species: Centrolenella andinaRivero, 1968, by original designation.

Audaciella Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 174. Type species: Centrolenella audax Lynch and Duellman, 1973. Synonymy by implication of Portik, Streicher, and Wiens, 2023, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 188 (107907): 1–72, and Ron, García, Brito-Zapata, Reyes-Puig, Figueroa-Coronel, and Cisneros-Heredia, 2024, Zoosyst. Evol., 100: Suppl. material 1.

Common Names

None noted.

Distribution

Elevations below 2500 m in the lowlands and mountains of Central America (Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama), the Pacific lowlands of Colombia and Ecuador, and the cloud forests of the Andes in Colombia, Cordillera de Mérida, and Serranía del Perijá in Venezuela; low montane evergreen forest on the Amazonian versant of Andes in northern Peru (Departamento San Martín), as well as foothills of the Cordillera Oriental and lowlands of Ecuador (Napo, Morona Santiago, Sucumbíos, and Zamora Chinchipe provinces), and Colombia (departments of Huila [eastern slope of Cordillera Central], Putumayo, Cauca, Caquetá, and Boyacá [eastern slope of Cordillera Oriental]), 800 to 1900 m elevation.

Comment

Köhler, 2011, Amph. Cent. Am.: 120, compared the species of Central America and provided an identification key, maps, and photographs. Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 451, found Espadarana (sensu lato) to be paraphyletic with respect to Sachatamia + Rulyrana, requiring recognition of a new genus, Audaciella. However, subsequent workers (e.g., Portik, Streicher, and Wiens, 2023, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 188 (107907): 1–72, and Ron, García, Brito-Zapata, Reyes-Puig, Figueroa-Coronel, and Cisneros-Heredia, 2024, Zoosyst. Evol., 100: Suppl. material 1) provided results showing Espadarana (sensu lato) to be monophyletic.

Contained taxa (5 sp.):

Espadarana andina (Rivero, 1968)

Espadarana audax (Lynch and Duellman, 1973)

Espadarana callistomma (Guayasamin and Trueb, 2007)

Espadarana durrellorum (Cisneros-Heredia, 2007)

Espadarana prosoblepon (Boettger, 1892)

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