Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Hoplobatrachus Peters, 1863

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Dicroglossidae > Subfamily: Dicroglossinae > Genus: Hoplobatrachus

6 species

Hydrostentor Fitzinger, 1861 "1860", Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 42: 414. Type species: Hydrostentor pantherinus Fitzinger, 1861 "1860", nomen nudum. Synonymy with Rana by Steindachner, 1867, Reise Österreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool., Amph.: 18; with Hoplobatrachus by Dubois, 1981, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 240.

Hoplobatrachus Peters, 1863, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863: 449. Type species: Hoplobatrachus ceylanicus Peters, 1863 (= Rana tigerina Daudin, 1802), by monotypy.

Hydrostentor Steindachner, 1867, Reise Österreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool., Amph.: 18. Type species: Hydrostentor tigrina var. pantherina Steindachner, 1867, by monotypy. Synonymy by Dubois, 1981, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 240.

Ranosoma Ahl, 1924, Arch. Naturgesch., Abt. A,, 90: 250. Type species: Ranosoma schereri Ahl, 1924, by original designation. Synonymy with Euphlyctis by Dubois, 1981, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 240.

Tigrina Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990, Key to Chinese Amph.: 144. Type species: Rana tigerina Daudin, 1803, by original designation. Preoccupied by Tigrina Grevé, 1894.

Nomina inquirenda - Name(s) unassigned to a living or extinct population

Rana hydraletis Peters, 1863, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863: 79. Nomen nudum, ascribed by Peters to Boie. Considered a synonym of Rana occipitalis (sensu lato) by Peters, 1863, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863: 78; Peters, 1877, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1877: 618; and also by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 27; and of Rana tigerina (sensu lato) by Bourret, 1942, Batr. Indochine: 240. Considered incertae sedis within Hoplobatrachus by Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 60.

English Names

Peters Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 99).

Crowned Bullfrogs (Channing, 2001, Amph. Cent. S. Afr.: 295).

Bull Frogs (Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Deepak, and Kulkarni, 2023, Fauna India Checklist, vers. 5.0 : 3).

Distribution

Subsaharan Africa south to Angola, extreme northeastern Zambia and Tanzania; Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, Malay, Myanmar, Thailand, and southern China (introduced on Borneo and Madagascar).

Comment

The former Rana tigerina group of Boulenger, 1920, Rec. Indian Mus., 20. Subfamily Raninae, Tribe Dicroglossini according to Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 57. Subfamily Dicroglossinae, tribe Limnonectini, according to Dubois, 1992, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 315. Inger, 1996, Herpetologica, 52: 243, noted that because the Limnonectini was paraphyletic with respect to the Ceratobatrachini, Conrauini, and Dicroglossini, that retaining Hoplobatrachus in the Limnonectini, on the basis of plesiomorphy, was problematical, with both Hoplobatrachus and Conrauini, distinguished from the Limnonectini solely on the basis of derived larval features. Kosuch, Vences, Dubois, Ohler, and Böhme, 2001, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 21: 398–407, reported on phylogenetics within Hoplobatrachus. Dubois, Ohler, and Biju, 2001, Alytes, 19: 55, discussed the taxonomic placement of this taxon and placed it in the tribe Dicroglossini, without addressing Inger’s concern of paraphyly. Grosjean, Vences, and Dubois, 2004, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 81: 171–181, suggested that Hoplobatrachus is the sister taxon of Euphlyctis, although the monophyly of both taxa was assumed. Alam, Igawa, Khan, Islam, Kuramoto, Matsui, Kurabayashi, and Sumida, 2008, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 48: 515–527, provided evidence of Hoplobatrachus monophyly and discussed its biogeography. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, confirmed the monophyly of this taxon and its position as sister taxon of Euphlyctis, although Hasan, Islam, Khan, Alam, Kurabayashi, Igawa, Kuramoto, and Sumida, 2012, Zool. Sci., Tokyo, 29: 162–172, provided weak molecular evidence for the paraphyly of Hoplobatrachus to Euphlyctis. Deuti, Sethy, and Ray, 2014, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 114: 131, provided a brief account for the Eastern Ghats population, India.

Contained taxa (6 sp.):

Hoplobatrachus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765)

Hoplobatrachus crassus (Jerdon, 1853)

Hoplobatrachus litoralis Hasan, Kuramoto, Islam, Alam, Khan, and Sumida, 2012

Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Günther, 1858)

Hoplobatrachus salween Thongproh, Chunskul, Sringurngam, Waiprom, Makchai, Cota, Duengkae, Duangjai, Hasan, Chuaynkern, and Chuaynkern, 2022

Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1802)

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